--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/COBRAxy/src/utils/general_utils.py	Sat Oct 25 14:55:13 2025 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,711 @@
+"""
+General utilities for COBRAxy.
+
+This module provides:
+- File and path helpers (FileFormat, FilePath)
+- Error and result handling utilities (CustomErr, Result)
+- Basic I/O helpers (CSV/TSV, pickle, SVG)
+- Lightweight CLI argument parsers (Bool, Float)
+- Model loader utilities for COBRA models, including compressed formats
+"""
+import math
+import re
+import sys
+import csv
+import pickle
+import lxml.etree as ET
+
+from enum import Enum
+from itertools import count
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Generic, List, Literal, Optional, TypeVar, Union, Tuple
+
+import pandas as pd
+import cobra
+
+import zipfile
+import gzip
+import bz2
+from io import StringIO
+
+
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Generic, List, Literal, Optional, TypeVar, Union, Tuple
+class ValueErr(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, param_name, expected, actual):
+        super().__init__(f"Invalid value for {param_name}: expected {expected}, got {actual}")
+
+class PathErr(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, path, message):
+        super().__init__(f"Path error for '{path}': {message}")
+
+class FileFormat(Enum):
+    """
+    Encodes possible file extensions to conditionally save data in a different format.
+    """
+    DAT    = ("dat",)
+    CSV    = ("csv",)
+    TSV    = ("tsv",)
+    SVG    = ("svg",)
+    PNG    = ("png",)
+    PDF    = ("pdf",)
+
+    # Compressed variants for common model formats
+    XML    = ("xml", "xml.gz", "xml.zip", "xml.bz2")
+    JSON   = ("json", "json.gz", "json.zip", "json.bz2")
+    MAT    = ("mat", "mat.gz", "mat.zip", "mat.bz2")
+    YML    = ("yml", "yml.gz", "yml.zip", "yml.bz2")
+
+    TXT    = ("txt",)
+    PICKLE = ("pickle", "pk", "p")
+
+    def __init__(self, *extensions):
+        self.extensions = extensions
+        # Store original extension when set via fromExt
+        self._original_extension = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromExt(cls, ext: str) -> "FileFormat":
+        """
+        Converts a file extension string to a FileFormat instance.
+        Args:
+            ext : The file extension as a string.
+        Returns:
+            FileFormat: The FileFormat instance corresponding to the file extension.
+        """
+        variantName = ext.upper()
+        if variantName in FileFormat.__members__: 
+            instance = FileFormat[variantName]
+            instance._original_extension = ext
+            return instance
+        
+        variantName = ext.lower()
+        for member in cls:
+            if variantName in member.value: 
+                # Create a copy-like behavior by storing the original extension
+                member._original_extension = ext
+                return member
+        
+        raise ValueErr("ext", "a valid FileFormat file extension", ext)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        (Private) converts to str representation. Good practice for usage with argparse.
+        Returns:
+            str : the string representation of the file extension.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, '_original_extension') and self._original_extension:
+            return self._original_extension
+        
+        if self == FileFormat.XML:
+            return "xml"
+        elif self == FileFormat.JSON:
+            return "json"
+        elif self == FileFormat.MAT:
+            return "mat"
+        elif self == FileFormat.YML:
+            return "yml"
+        
+        return self.value[-1]
+
+class FilePath():
+    """
+    Represents a file path with format-aware helpers.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, filePath: str, ext: FileFormat, *, prefix="") -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize FilePath.
+        Args:
+            path: File name stem.
+            ext: File extension (FileFormat).
+            prefix: Optional directory path (trailing '/' auto-added).
+        """
+        self.ext = ext
+        self.filePath = filePath
+
+        if prefix and prefix[-1] != '/': 
+            prefix += '/'
+        self.prefix = prefix
+    
+    @classmethod
+    def fromStrPath(cls, path: str) -> "FilePath":
+        """
+    Parse a string path into a FilePath, supporting double extensions for models (e.g., .json.gz).
+        Args:
+            path : the string containing the path
+        Raises:
+            PathErr : if the provided string doesn't represent a valid path.
+        Returns:
+            FilePath : the constructed instance.
+        """
+        result = re.search(r"^(?P<prefix>.*\/)?(?P<name>.*)\.(?P<ext>[^.]*)$", path)
+        if not result or not result["name"] or not result["ext"]:
+            raise PathErr(path, "cannot recognize folder structure or extension in path")
+
+        prefix = result["prefix"] if result["prefix"] else ""
+        name, ext = result["name"], result["ext"]
+
+        parts = path.split(".")
+        if len(parts) >= 3:  
+            penultimate = parts[-2]
+            last = parts[-1]
+            double_ext = f"{penultimate}.{last}"
+            
+            try:
+                ext_format = FileFormat.fromExt(double_ext)
+                name = ".".join(parts[:-2])
+                if '/' in name:
+                    prefix = name[:name.rfind('/') + 1]
+                    name = name[name.rfind('/') + 1:]
+                return cls(name, ext_format, prefix=prefix)
+            except ValueErr:
+                pass
+
+        try:
+            ext_format = FileFormat.fromExt(ext)
+            return cls(name, ext_format, prefix=prefix)
+        except ValueErr:
+            raise PathErr(path, f"unsupported file extension: {ext}")
+
+    def show(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Shows the path as a string.
+        Returns:
+            str : the path shown as a string.
+        """
+        return f"{self.prefix}{self.filePath}.{self.ext}"
+    
+    def __str__(self) -> str: 
+        return self.show()
+
+# ERRORS
+def terminate(msg :str) -> None:
+    """
+    Terminate the execution of the script with an error message.
+    
+    Args:
+        msg (str): The error message to be displayed.
+    
+    Returns:
+        None
+    """
+    sys.exit(f"Execution aborted: {msg}\n")
+
+def logWarning(msg :str, loggerPath :str) -> None:
+    """
+    Log a warning message to an output log file and print it to the console. The final period and a
+    newline is added by the function.
+
+    Args:
+        msg (str): The warning message to be logged and printed.
+        loggerPath : The file path of the output log file. Given as a string, parsed to a FilePath and
+        immediately read back (beware relative expensive operation, log with caution).
+
+    Returns:
+        None
+    """
+    # Note: validates path via FilePath; keep logging minimal to avoid overhead.
+    with open(FilePath.fromStrPath(loggerPath).show(), 'a') as log: log.write(f"{msg}.\n")
+
+class CustomErr(Exception):
+    """
+    Custom error class to handle exceptions in a structured way, with a unique identifier and a message.
+    """
+    __idGenerator = count()
+    errName = "Custom Error"
+    def __init__(self, msg :str, details = "", explicitErrCode = -1) -> None:
+        """
+        (Private) Initializes an instance of CustomErr.
+
+        Args:
+            msg (str): Error message to be displayed.
+            details (str): Informs the user more about the error encountered. Defaults to "".
+            explicitErrCode (int): Explicit error code to be used. Defaults to -1.
+        
+        Returns:
+            None : practically, a CustomErr instance.
+        """
+        self.msg     = msg
+        self.details = details
+
+        self.id = max(explicitErrCode, next(CustomErr.__idGenerator))
+
+    def throw(self, loggerPath = "") -> None:
+        """
+        Raises the current CustomErr instance, optionally logging it first.
+
+        Args:
+            loggerPath (str): Optional path to a log file to append this error before raising.
+
+        Raises:
+            self: The current CustomErr instance.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        if loggerPath:
+            logWarning(str(self), loggerPath)
+        raise self
+
+    def abort(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Aborts the execution of the script.
+        
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        terminate(str(self))
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        (Private) Returns a string representing the current CustomErr instance.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: A string representing the current CustomErr instance.
+        """
+        return f"{CustomErr.errName} #{self.id}: {self.msg}, {self.details}."
+
+class ArgsErr(CustomErr):
+    """
+    CustomErr subclass for UI arguments errors.
+    """
+    errName = "Args Error"
+    def __init__(self, argName :str, expected :Any, actual :Any, msg = "no further details provided") -> None:
+        super().__init__(f"argument \"{argName}\" expected {expected} but got {actual}", msg)
+
+class DataErr(CustomErr):
+    """
+    CustomErr subclass for data formatting errors.
+    """
+    errName = "Data Format Error"
+    def __init__(self, fileName :str, msg = "no further details provided") -> None:
+        super().__init__(f"file \"{fileName}\" contains malformed data", msg)
+
+class PathErr(CustomErr):
+    """
+    CustomErr subclass for filepath formatting errors.
+    """
+    errName = "Path Error"
+    def __init__(self, path :FilePath, msg = "no further details provided") -> None:
+        super().__init__(f"path \"{path}\" is invalid", msg)
+
+class ValueErr(CustomErr):
+    """
+    CustomErr subclass for any value error.
+    """
+    errName = "Value Error"
+    def __init__(self, valueName: str, expected :Any, actual :Any, msg = "no further details provided") -> None:
+        super().__init__("value " + f"\"{valueName}\" " * bool(valueName) + f"was supposed to be {expected}, but got {actual} instead", msg)
+
+# RESULT
+T = TypeVar('T')
+E = TypeVar('E', bound = CustomErr) # should bind to Result.ResultErr but python happened!
+class Result(Generic[T, E]):
+    class ResultErr(CustomErr):
+        """
+        CustomErr subclass for all Result errors.
+        """
+        errName = "Result Error"
+        def __init__(self, msg = "no further details provided") -> None:
+            super().__init__(msg)
+    """
+    Class to handle the result of an operation, with a value and a boolean flag to indicate
+    whether the operation was successful or not.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, value :Union[T, E], isOk :bool) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize an instance of Result.
+
+        Args:
+            value (Union[T, E]): The value to be stored in the Result instance.
+            isOk (bool): A boolean flag to indicate whether the operation was successful or not.
+        
+            Returns:
+                None : practically, a Result instance.
+        """
+        self.isOk  = isOk
+        self.isErr = not isOk
+        self.value = value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def Ok(cls,  value :T) -> "Result":
+        """
+        Construct a successful Result.
+
+        Args:
+            value (T): The value to be stored in the Result instance, set as successful.
+
+        Returns:
+            Result: A new Result instance with a successful operation.
+        """
+        return Result(value, isOk = True)
+    
+    @classmethod
+    def Err(cls, value :E) -> "Result": 
+        """
+        Construct a failed Result.
+
+        Args:
+            value (E): The value to be stored in the Result instance, set as failed.
+
+        Returns:
+            Result: A new Result instance with a failed operation.
+        """
+        return Result(value, isOk = False)
+
+    def unwrap(self) -> T:
+        """
+        Unwraps the value of the Result instance, if the operation was successful.
+
+        Raises:
+            ResultErr: If the operation was not successful.
+
+        Returns:
+            T: The value of the Result instance, if the operation was successful.
+        """
+        if self.isOk: return self.value
+        raise Result.ResultErr(f"Unwrapped Result.Err : {self.value}")
+
+    def unwrapOr(self, default :T) -> T:
+        """
+        Unwraps the value of the Result instance, if the operation was successful, otherwise
+        it returns a default value.
+
+        Args:
+            default (T): The default value to be returned if the operation was not successful.
+
+        Returns:
+            T: The value of the Result instance, if the operation was successful,
+            otherwise the default value.
+        """
+        return self.value if self.isOk else default
+    
+    def expect(self, err :"Result.ResultErr") -> T:
+        """
+        Expects that the value of the Result instance is successful, otherwise it raises an error.
+
+        Args:
+            err (Exception): The error to be raised if the operation was not successful.
+
+        Raises:
+            err: The error raised if the operation was not successful.
+
+        Returns:
+            T: The value of the Result instance, if the operation was successful.
+        """
+        if self.isOk: return self.value
+        raise err
+
+    U = TypeVar("U")
+    def map(self, mapper: Callable[[T], U]) -> "Result[U, E]":
+        """
+        Maps the value of the current Result to whatever is returned by the mapper function.
+        If the Result contained an unsuccessful operation to begin with it remains unchanged
+        (a reference to the current instance is returned).
+        If the mapper function panics the returned result instance will be of the error kind.
+
+        Args:
+            mapper (Callable[[T], U]): The mapper operation to be applied to the Result value.
+
+        Returns:
+            Result[U, E]: The result of the mapper operation applied to the Result value.
+        """
+        if self.isErr: return self
+        try: return Result.Ok(mapper(self.value))
+        except Exception as e: return Result.Err(e)
+    
+    D = TypeVar("D", bound = "Result.ResultErr")
+    def mapErr(self, mapper :Callable[[E], D]) -> "Result[T, D]":
+        """
+        Maps the error of the current Result to whatever is returned by the mapper function.
+        If the Result contained a successful operation it remains unchanged
+        (a reference to the current instance is returned).
+        If the mapper function panics this method does as well.
+
+        Args:
+            mapper (Callable[[E], D]): The mapper operation to be applied to the Result error.
+
+        Returns:
+            Result[U, E]: The result of the mapper operation applied to the Result error.
+        """
+        if self.isOk: return self
+        return Result.Err(mapper(self.value))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"Result::{'Ok' if self.isOk else 'Err'}({self.value})"
+
+# FILES
+def readPickle(path :FilePath) -> Any:
+    """
+    Reads the contents of a .pickle file, which needs to exist at the given path.
+
+    Args:
+        path : the path to the .pickle file.
+    
+    Returns:
+        Any : the data inside a pickle file, could be anything.
+    """
+    with open(path.show(), "rb") as fd: return pickle.load(fd)
+
+def writePickle(path :FilePath, data :Any) -> None:
+    """
+    Saves any data in a .pickle file, created at the given path.
+
+    Args:
+        path : the path to the .pickle file.
+        data : the data to be written to the file.
+    
+    Returns:
+        None
+    """
+    with open(path.show(), "wb") as fd: pickle.dump(data, fd)
+
+def readCsv(path :FilePath, delimiter = ',', *, skipHeader = True) -> List[List[str]]:
+    """
+    Reads the contents of a .csv file, which needs to exist at the given path.
+
+    Args:
+        path : the path to the .csv file.
+        delimiter : allows other subformats such as .tsv to be opened by the same method (\\t delimiter).
+        skipHeader : whether the first row of the file is a header and should be skipped.
+    
+    Returns:
+        List[List[str]] : list of rows from the file, each parsed as a list of strings originally separated by commas.
+    """
+    with open(path.show(), "r", newline = "") as fd: return list(csv.reader(fd, delimiter = delimiter))[skipHeader:]
+
+def findIdxByName(header: List[str], name: str, colName="name") -> Optional[int]:
+    """
+    Find the indices of the 'ReactionID' column and a user-specified column name
+    within the header row of a tabular file.
+
+    Args:
+        header (List[str]): The header row, as a list of column names.
+        name (str): The name of the column to look for (e.g. 'GPR').
+        colName (str, optional): Label used in error messages for clarity. Defaults to "name".
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple[int, int]: A tuple containing:
+            - The index of the 'ReactionID' column.
+            - The index of the requested column `name`.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If 'ReactionID' or the requested column `name` is not found in the header.
+
+    Notes:
+        Both 'ReactionID' and the requested column are mandatory for downstream processing.
+    """
+
+    col_index = {col_name: idx for idx, col_name in enumerate(header)}
+
+    if name not in col_index or "ReactionID" not in col_index:
+        raise ValueError(f"Tabular file must contain 'ReactionID' and {name} columns.")
+
+    id_idx = col_index["ReactionID"]
+    idx_gpr = col_index[name]
+
+    return id_idx, idx_gpr
+
+
+def readSvg(path :FilePath, customErr :Optional[Exception] = None) -> ET.ElementTree:
+    """
+    Reads the contents of a .svg file, which needs to exist at the given path.
+
+    Args:
+        path : the path to the .svg file.
+    
+    Raises:
+        DataErr : if the map is malformed.
+    
+    Returns:
+        Any : the data inside a svg file, could be anything.
+    """
+    try: return ET.parse(path.show())
+    except (ET.XMLSyntaxError, ET.XMLSchemaParseError) as err:
+        raise customErr if customErr else err
+
+def writeSvg(path :FilePath, data:ET.ElementTree) -> None:
+    """
+    Saves svg data opened with lxml.etree in a .svg file, created at the given path.
+
+    Args:
+        path : the path to the .svg file.
+        data : the data to be written to the file.
+    
+    Returns:
+        None
+    """
+    with open(path.show(), "wb") as fd: fd.write(ET.tostring(data))
+
+# UI ARGUMENTS
+class Bool:
+    """Simple boolean CLI argument parser accepting 'true' or 'false' (case-insensitive)."""
+    def __init__(self, argName :str) -> None:
+        self.argName = argName
+
+    def __call__(self, s :str) -> bool: return self.check(s)
+
+    def check(self, s :str) -> bool:
+        s = s.lower()
+        if s == "true" : return True
+        if s == "false": return False
+        raise ArgsErr(self.argName, "boolean string (true or false, not case sensitive)", f"\"{s}\"")
+
+class Float:
+    """Float CLI argument parser supporting NaN and None keywords (case-insensitive)."""
+    def __init__(self, argName = "Dataset values, not an argument") -> None:
+        self.argName = argName
+    
+    def __call__(self, s :str) -> float: return self.check(s)
+
+    def check(self, s :str) -> float:
+        try: return float(s)
+        except ValueError:
+            s = s.lower()
+            if s == "nan" or s == "none": return math.nan
+            raise ArgsErr(self.argName, "numeric string or \"None\" or \"NaN\" (not case sensitive)", f"\"{s}\"")
+
+# MODELS
+OldRule = List[Union[str, "OldRule"]]
+class Model(Enum):
+    """
+    Represents a metabolic model, either custom or locally supported. Custom models don't point
+    to valid file paths.
+    """
+
+    Recon   = "Recon"
+    ENGRO2  = "ENGRO2"
+    ENGRO2_no_legend = "ENGRO2_no_legend"
+    HMRcore = "HMRcore"
+    HMRcore_no_legend = "HMRcore_no_legend"
+    Custom  = "Custom" 
+
+    def __raiseMissingPathErr(self, path :Optional[FilePath]) -> None:
+        if not path: raise PathErr("<<MISSING>>", "it's necessary to provide a custom path when retrieving files from a custom model")
+
+    def getRules(self, toolDir :str, customPath :Optional[FilePath] = None) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, OldRule]]:
+        """
+        Open "rules" file for this model.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Dict[str, OldRule]] : the rules for this model.
+        """
+        path = customPath if self is Model.Custom else FilePath(f"{self.name}_rules", FileFormat.PICKLE, prefix = f"{toolDir}/local/pickle files/")
+        self.__raiseMissingPathErr(path)
+        return readPickle(path)
+    
+    def getTranslator(self, toolDir :str, customPath :Optional[FilePath] = None) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, str]]:
+        """
+        Open "gene translator (old: gene_in_rule)" file for this model.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Dict[str, str]] : the translator dict for this model.
+        """
+        path = customPath if self is Model.Custom else FilePath(f"{self.name}_genes", FileFormat.PICKLE, prefix = f"{toolDir}/local/pickle files/")
+        self.__raiseMissingPathErr(path)
+        return readPickle(path)
+    
+    def getMap(self, toolDir = ".", customPath :Optional[FilePath] = None) -> ET.ElementTree:
+        """Open the SVG metabolic map for this model."""
+        path = customPath if self is Model.Custom else FilePath(f"{self.name}_map", FileFormat.SVG, prefix = f"{toolDir}/local/svg metabolic maps/")
+        self.__raiseMissingPathErr(path)
+        return readSvg(path, customErr = DataErr(path, f"custom map in wrong format"))
+    
+    def getCOBRAmodel(self, toolDir = ".", customPath :Optional[FilePath] = None, customExtension :Optional[FilePath]=None)->cobra.Model:
+        """Load the COBRA model for this enum variant (supports Custom with explicit path/extension)."""
+        if(self is Model.Custom):
+            return self.load_custom_model(customPath, customExtension)
+        else:
+            return cobra.io.read_sbml_model(FilePath(f"{self.name}", FileFormat.XML, prefix = f"{toolDir}/local/models/").show())
+        
+    def load_custom_model(self, file_path :FilePath, ext :Optional[FileFormat] = None) -> cobra.Model:
+        """Load a COBRA model from a custom path, supporting XML, JSON, MAT, and YML (compressed or not)."""
+        ext = ext if ext else file_path.ext
+        try:
+            if str(ext) in FileFormat.XML.value:
+                return cobra.io.read_sbml_model(file_path.show())
+            
+            if str(ext) in FileFormat.JSON.value:
+                # Compressed files are not automatically handled by cobra
+                if(ext == "json"):
+                    return cobra.io.load_json_model(file_path.show())
+                else: 
+                    return self.extract_model(file_path, ext, "json")
+
+            if str(ext) in FileFormat.MAT.value:
+                # Compressed files are not automatically handled by cobra
+                if(ext == "mat"):
+                    return cobra.io.load_matlab_model(file_path.show())
+                else: 
+                    return self.extract_model(file_path, ext, "mat")
+
+            if str(ext) in FileFormat.YML.value:
+                # Compressed files are not automatically handled by cobra
+                if(ext == "yml"):
+                    return cobra.io.load_yaml_model(file_path.show())
+                else: 
+                    return self.extract_model(file_path, ext, "yml")
+
+        except Exception as e: raise DataErr(file_path, e.__str__())
+        raise DataErr(file_path,
+            f"Fomat \"{file_path.ext}\" is not recognized, only JSON, XML, MAT and YAML (.yml) files are supported.")
+    
+
+    def extract_model(self, file_path:FilePath, ext :FileFormat, model_encoding:Literal["json", "mat", "yml"]) -> cobra.Model:
+        """
+        Extract JSON, MAT and YAML COBRA model from a compressed file (zip, gz, bz2).
+        
+        Args:
+            file_path: File path of the model
+            ext: File extensions of class FileFormat (should be .zip, .gz or .bz2)
+            
+        Returns:
+            cobra.Model: COBRApy model 
+            
+        Raises:
+            Exception: Extraction errors
+        """
+        ext_str = str(ext)
+
+        try:
+            if '.zip' in ext_str:
+                with zipfile.ZipFile(file_path.show(), 'r') as zip_ref:
+                    with zip_ref.open(zip_ref.namelist()[0]) as json_file:
+                        content = json_file.read().decode('utf-8')
+                        if model_encoding == "json":
+                            return cobra.io.load_json_model(StringIO(content))
+                        elif model_encoding == "mat":
+                            return cobra.io.load_matlab_model(StringIO(content))
+                        elif model_encoding == "yml":
+                            return cobra.io.load_yaml_model(StringIO(content))
+                        else:
+                            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported model encoding: {model_encoding}. Supported: json, mat, yml")
+            elif '.gz' in ext_str:
+                with gzip.open(file_path.show(), 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as gz_ref:
+                    if model_encoding == "json":
+                        return cobra.io.load_json_model(gz_ref)
+                    elif model_encoding == "mat":
+                        return cobra.io.load_matlab_model(gz_ref)
+                    elif model_encoding == "yml":
+                        return cobra.io.load_yaml_model(gz_ref)
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported model encoding: {model_encoding}. Supported: json, mat, yml")
+            elif '.bz2' in ext_str:
+                with bz2.open(file_path.show(), 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as bz2_ref:
+                    if model_encoding == "json":
+                        return cobra.io.load_json_model(bz2_ref)
+                    elif model_encoding == "mat":
+                        return cobra.io.load_matlab_model(bz2_ref)
+                    elif model_encoding == "yml":
+                        return cobra.io.load_yaml_model(bz2_ref)
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported model encoding: {model_encoding}. Supported: json, mat, yml")
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Compression format not supported: {ext_str}. Supported: .zip, .gz and .bz2")
+            
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise Exception(f"Error during model extraction: {str(e)}")
+        
+
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str: return self.value
+
+