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1
2 GNU Free Documentation License
3 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
4
5
6 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
7 <http://fsf.org/>
8 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
9 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
10
11 0. PREAMBLE
12
13 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
14 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
15 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
16 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
17 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
18 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
19 for modifications made by others.
20
21 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
22 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
23 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
24 license designed for free software.
25
26 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
27 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
28 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
29 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
30 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
31 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
32 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
33
34
35 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
36
37 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
38 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
39 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
40 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
41 work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
42 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
43 licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
44 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
45 under copyright law.
46
47 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
48 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
49 modifications and/or translated into another language.
50
51 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
52 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
53 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
54 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
55 directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
56 part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
57 any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
58 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
59 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
60 them.
61
62 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
63 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
64 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
65 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
66 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
67 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
68 Sections then there are none.
69
70 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
71 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
72 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
73 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
74
75 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
76 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
77 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
78 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
79 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
80 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
81 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
82 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
83 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
84 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
85 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
86 of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
87
88 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
89 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
90 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
91 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
92 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
93 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
94 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
95 processing tools are not generally available, and the
96 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
97 processors for output purposes only.
98
99 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
100 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
101 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
102 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
103 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
104 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
105
106 The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of
107 the Document to the public.
108
109 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
110 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
111 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
112 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
113 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
114 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
115 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
116
117 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
118 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
119 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
120 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
121 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
122 no effect on the meaning of this License.
123
124 2. VERBATIM COPYING
125
126 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
127 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
128 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
129 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
130 other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
131 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
132 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
133 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
134 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
135
136 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
137 you may publicly display copies.
138
139
140 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
141
142 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
143 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
144 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
145 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
146 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
147 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
148 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
149 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
150 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
151 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
152 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
153 as verbatim copying in other respects.
154
155 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
156 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
157 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
158 pages.
159
160 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
161 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
162 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
163 a computer-network location from which the general network-using
164 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
165 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
166 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
167 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
168 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
169 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
170 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
171 edition to the public.
172
173 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
174 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
175 give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
176 Document.
177
178
179 4. MODIFICATIONS
180
181 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
182 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
183 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
184 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
185 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
186 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
187
188 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
189 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
190 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
191 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
192 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
193 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
194 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
195 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
196 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
197 unless they release you from this requirement.
198 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
199 Modified Version, as the publisher.
200 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
201 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
202 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
203 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
204 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
205 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
206 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
207 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
208 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
209 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
210 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
211 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
212 there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
213 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
214 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
215 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
216 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
217 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
218 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
219 it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
220 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
221 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
222 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
223 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
224 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
225 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
226 and/or dedications given therein.
227 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
228 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
229 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
230 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
231 may not be included in the Modified Version.
232 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
233 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
234 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
235
236 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
237 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
238 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
239 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
240 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
241 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
242
243 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
244 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
245 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
246 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
247 standard.
248
249 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
250 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
251 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
252 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
253 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
254 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
255 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
256 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
257 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
258
259 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
260 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
261 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
262
263
264 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
265
266 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
267 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
268 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
269 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
270 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
271 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
272
273 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
274 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
275 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
276 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
277 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
278 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
279 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
280 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
281
282 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
283 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
284 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
285 and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
286 Entitled "Endorsements".
287
288
289 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
290
291 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
292 documents released under this License, and replace the individual
293 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
294 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
295 of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
296 other respects.
297
298 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
299 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
300 copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
301 License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
302 document.
303
304
305 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
306
307 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
308 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
309 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
310 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
311 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
312 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
313 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
314 derivative works of the Document.
315
316 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
317 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
318 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
319 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
320 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
321 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
322 aggregate.
323
324
325 8. TRANSLATION
326
327 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
328 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
329 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
330 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
331 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
332 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
333 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
334 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
335 the original English version of this License and the original versions
336 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
337 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
338 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
339
340 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
341 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
342 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
343 title.
344
345
346 9. TERMINATION
347
348 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
349 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
350 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
351 will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
352
353 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
354 from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
355 unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
356 terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
357 fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
358 60 days after the cessation.
359
360 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
361 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
362 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
363 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
364 copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
365 your receipt of the notice.
366
367 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
368 licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
369 this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
370 reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
371 not give you any rights to use it.
372
373
374 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
375
376 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
377 GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
378 will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
379 detail to address new problems or concerns. See
380 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
381
382 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
383 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
384 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
385 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
386 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
387 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
388 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
389 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
390 specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
391 License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
392 version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
393 Document.
394
395 11. RELICENSING
396
397 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
398 World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
399 provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
400 public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
401 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site
402 means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
403
404 "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
405 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
406 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
407 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
408 published by that same organization.
409
410 "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in
411 part, as part of another Document.
412
413 An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
414 License, and if all works that were first published under this License
415 somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or
416 in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and
417 (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
418
419 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
420 under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
421 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
422
423
424 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
425
426 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
427 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
428 license notices just after the title page:
429
430 Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
431 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
432 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
433 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
434 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
435 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
436 Free Documentation License".
437
438 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
439 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
440
441 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
442 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
443
444 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
445 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
446 situation.
447
448 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
449 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
450 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
451 to permit their use in free software.