--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/CodonSwitchTool/fastdivmod.py	Tue May 21 05:24:56 2019 -0400
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python2
+#
+# Copyright 2011-2016 Google Inc.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+# vim: sw=2 sts=2 et
+
+from math import log, ceil
+import sys
+
+
+def find_largest_power(less_than, base):
+    power = int(log(less_than) / log(base))
+    return base ** power
+
+
+def divmod_iter(x, by, chunk=None):
+    if x < by:
+        return [x]
+
+    if hasattr(x, 'bit_length'):
+        # crude log(2, x)
+        divisions = x.bit_length() // by.bit_length()
+    else:
+        divisions = log(x) / log(by)
+
+    if divisions < 1024:
+        return divmod_iter_basic(x, by, chunk)
+    else:
+        return divmod_iter_chunking(x, by, chunk)
+
+
+def divmod_iter_chunking(x, by, chunk=None):
+    """Generate successive (x % by); x /= by, but faster.
+
+    If provided, |chunk| must be a power of |by| (otherwise it is determined
+    automatically for 1024 per inner loop, based on analysis of bench_genmod.py)
+    """
+
+    if by == 1:
+        assert x == 0, x
+        yield 0
+        return
+
+    if chunk is None:
+        digits_per_chunk = 1024
+        chunk = by ** digits_per_chunk
+    else:
+        digits_per_chunk = int(round(log(chunk) / log(by)))
+        if (by ** digits_per_chunk) != chunk:
+            raise ValueError("Chunk=%d must be a power of by=%d" % (chunk, by))
+
+    assert digits_per_chunk > 0
+
+    while x:
+        x, this_chunk = divmod(x, chunk)
+        #this_chunk = int(this_chunk)
+        for _ in range(digits_per_chunk):
+            this_chunk, m = divmod(this_chunk, by)
+            yield m
+
+            if this_chunk == 0 and x == 0:
+                break
+
+
+def divmod_iter_basic(x, by, chunk=None):
+    """Generate successive (x % by); x /= by, the obvious way.
+
+    Chunk is ignored.
+    """
+    while x:
+        x, m = divmod(x, by)
+        yield m
+
+def powersum(x, low, high):
+    # http://mikestoolbox.com/powersum.html
+    xm1 = x - 1
+    if xm1 == 0:
+        return high - low + 1
+    a = x ** (high + 1)
+    b = x ** low
+    return (a - b) // xm1