--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/boltons/formatutils.py	Sat May 02 07:14:21 2020 -0400
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""`PEP 3101`_ introduced the :meth:`str.format` method, and what
+would later be called "new-style" string formatting. For the sake of
+explicit correctness, it is probably best to refer to Python's dual
+string formatting capabilities as *bracket-style* and
+*percent-style*. There is overlap, but one does not replace the
+other.
+
+  * Bracket-style is more pluggable, slower, and uses a method.
+  * Percent-style is simpler, faster, and uses an operator.
+
+Bracket-style formatting brought with it a much more powerful toolbox,
+but it was far from a full one. :meth:`str.format` uses `more powerful
+syntax`_, but `the tools and idioms`_ for working with
+that syntax are not well-developed nor well-advertised.
+
+``formatutils`` adds several functions for working with bracket-style
+format strings:
+
+  * :class:`DeferredValue`: Defer fetching or calculating a value
+    until format time.
+  * :func:`get_format_args`: Parse the positional and keyword
+    arguments out of a format string.
+  * :func:`tokenize_format_str`: Tokenize a format string into
+    literals and :class:`BaseFormatField` objects.
+  * :func:`construct_format_field_str`: Assists in progammatic
+    construction of format strings.
+  * :func:`infer_positional_format_args`: Converts anonymous
+    references in 2.7+ format strings to explicit positional arguments
+    suitable for usage with Python 2.6.
+
+.. _more powerful syntax: https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#format-string-syntax
+.. _the tools and idioms: https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#string-formatting
+.. _PEP 3101: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3101/
+"""
+# TODO: also include percent-formatting utils?
+# TODO: include lithoxyl.formatters.Formatter (or some adaptation)?
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import re
+from string import Formatter
+
+try:
+    unicode        # Python 2
+except NameError:
+    unicode = str  # Python 3
+
+__all__ = ['DeferredValue', 'get_format_args', 'tokenize_format_str',
+           'construct_format_field_str', 'infer_positional_format_args',
+           'BaseFormatField']
+
+
+_pos_farg_re = re.compile('({{)|'         # escaped open-brace
+                          '(}})|'         # escaped close-brace
+                          r'({[:!.\[}])')  # anon positional format arg
+
+
+def construct_format_field_str(fname, fspec, conv):
+    """
+    Constructs a format field string from the field name, spec, and
+    conversion character (``fname``, ``fspec``, ``conv``). See Python
+    String Formatting for more info.
+    """
+    if fname is None:
+        return ''
+    ret = '{' + fname
+    if conv:
+        ret += '!' + conv
+    if fspec:
+        ret += ':' + fspec
+    ret += '}'
+    return ret
+
+
+def split_format_str(fstr):
+    """Does very basic splitting of a format string, returns a list of
+    strings. For full tokenization, see :func:`tokenize_format_str`.
+
+    """
+    ret = []
+
+    for lit, fname, fspec, conv in Formatter().parse(fstr):
+        if fname is None:
+            ret.append((lit, None))
+            continue
+        field_str = construct_format_field_str(fname, fspec, conv)
+        ret.append((lit, field_str))
+    return ret
+
+
+def infer_positional_format_args(fstr):
+    """Takes format strings with anonymous positional arguments, (e.g.,
+    "{}" and {:d}), and converts them into numbered ones for explicitness and
+    compatibility with 2.6.
+
+    Returns a string with the inferred positional arguments.
+    """
+    # TODO: memoize
+    ret, max_anon = '', 0
+    # look for {: or {! or {. or {[ or {}
+    start, end, prev_end = 0, 0, 0
+    for match in _pos_farg_re.finditer(fstr):
+        start, end, group = match.start(), match.end(), match.group()
+        if prev_end < start:
+            ret += fstr[prev_end:start]
+        prev_end = end
+        if group == '{{' or group == '}}':
+            ret += group
+            continue
+        ret += '{%s%s' % (max_anon, group[1:])
+        max_anon += 1
+    ret += fstr[prev_end:]
+    return ret
+
+
+# This approach is hardly exhaustive but it works for most builtins
+_INTCHARS = 'bcdoxXn'
+_FLOATCHARS = 'eEfFgGn%'
+_TYPE_MAP = dict([(x, int) for x in _INTCHARS] +
+                 [(x, float) for x in _FLOATCHARS])
+_TYPE_MAP['s'] = str
+
+
+def get_format_args(fstr):
+    """
+    Turn a format string into two lists of arguments referenced by the
+    format string. One is positional arguments, and the other is named
+    arguments. Each element of the list includes the name and the
+    nominal type of the field.
+
+    # >>> get_format_args("{noun} is {1:d} years old{punct}")
+    # ([(1, <type 'int'>)], [('noun', <type 'str'>), ('punct', <type 'str'>)])
+
+    # XXX: Py3k
+    >>> get_format_args("{noun} is {1:d} years old{punct}") == \
+        ([(1, int)], [('noun', str), ('punct', str)])
+    True
+    """
+    # TODO: memoize
+    formatter = Formatter()
+    fargs, fkwargs, _dedup = [], [], set()
+
+    def _add_arg(argname, type_char='s'):
+        if argname not in _dedup:
+            _dedup.add(argname)
+            argtype = _TYPE_MAP.get(type_char, str)  # TODO: unicode
+            try:
+                fargs.append((int(argname), argtype))
+            except ValueError:
+                fkwargs.append((argname, argtype))
+
+    for lit, fname, fspec, conv in formatter.parse(fstr):
+        if fname is not None:
+            type_char = fspec[-1:]
+            fname_list = re.split('[.[]', fname)
+            if len(fname_list) > 1:
+                raise ValueError('encountered compound format arg: %r' % fname)
+            try:
+                base_fname = fname_list[0]
+                assert base_fname
+            except (IndexError, AssertionError):
+                raise ValueError('encountered anonymous positional argument')
+            _add_arg(fname, type_char)
+            for sublit, subfname, _, _ in formatter.parse(fspec):
+                # TODO: positional and anon args not allowed here.
+                if subfname is not None:
+                    _add_arg(subfname)
+    return fargs, fkwargs
+
+
+def tokenize_format_str(fstr, resolve_pos=True):
+    """Takes a format string, turns it into a list of alternating string
+    literals and :class:`BaseFormatField` tokens. By default, also
+    infers anonymous positional references into explicit, numbered
+    positional references. To disable this behavior set *resolve_pos*
+    to ``False``.
+    """
+    ret = []
+    if resolve_pos:
+        fstr = infer_positional_format_args(fstr)
+    formatter = Formatter()
+    for lit, fname, fspec, conv in formatter.parse(fstr):
+        if lit:
+            ret.append(lit)
+        if fname is None:
+            continue
+        ret.append(BaseFormatField(fname, fspec, conv))
+    return ret
+
+
+class BaseFormatField(object):
+    """A class representing a reference to an argument inside of a
+    bracket-style format string. For instance, in ``"{greeting},
+    world!"``, there is a field named "greeting".
+
+    These fields can have many options applied to them. See the
+    Python docs on `Format String Syntax`_ for the full details.
+
+    .. _Format String Syntax: https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#string-formatting
+    """
+    def __init__(self, fname, fspec='', conv=None):
+        self.set_fname(fname)
+        self.set_fspec(fspec)
+        self.set_conv(conv)
+
+    def set_fname(self, fname):
+        "Set the field name."
+
+        path_list = re.split('[.[]', fname)  # TODO
+
+        self.base_name = path_list[0]
+        self.fname = fname
+        self.subpath = path_list[1:]
+        self.is_positional = not self.base_name or self.base_name.isdigit()
+
+    def set_fspec(self, fspec):
+        "Set the field spec."
+        fspec = fspec or ''
+        subfields = []
+        for sublit, subfname, _, _ in Formatter().parse(fspec):
+            if subfname is not None:
+                subfields.append(subfname)
+        self.subfields = subfields
+        self.fspec = fspec
+        self.type_char = fspec[-1:]
+        self.type_func = _TYPE_MAP.get(self.type_char, str)
+
+    def set_conv(self, conv):
+        """There are only two built-in converters: ``s`` and ``r``. They are
+        somewhat rare and appearlike ``"{ref!r}"``."""
+        # TODO
+        self.conv = conv
+        self.conv_func = None  # TODO
+
+    @property
+    def fstr(self):
+        "The current state of the field in string format."
+        return construct_format_field_str(self.fname, self.fspec, self.conv)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        cn = self.__class__.__name__
+        args = [self.fname]
+        if self.conv is not None:
+            args.extend([self.fspec, self.conv])
+        elif self.fspec != '':
+            args.append(self.fspec)
+        args_repr = ', '.join([repr(a) for a in args])
+        return '%s(%s)' % (cn, args_repr)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.fstr
+
+
+_UNSET = object()
+
+
+class DeferredValue(object):
+    """:class:`DeferredValue` is a wrapper type, used to defer computing
+    values which would otherwise be expensive to stringify and
+    format. This is most valuable in areas like logging, where one
+    would not want to waste time formatting a value for a log message
+    which will subsequently be filtered because the message's log
+    level was DEBUG and the logger was set to only emit CRITICAL
+    messages.
+
+    The :class:``DeferredValue`` is initialized with a callable that
+    takes no arguments and returns the value, which can be of any
+    type. By default DeferredValue only calls that callable once, and
+    future references will get a cached value. This behavior can be
+    disabled by setting *cache_value* to ``False``.
+
+    Args:
+
+        func (function): A callable that takes no arguments and
+            computes the value being represented.
+        cache_value (bool): Whether subsequent usages will call *func*
+            again. Defaults to ``True``.
+
+    >>> import sys
+    >>> dv = DeferredValue(lambda: len(sys._current_frames()))
+    >>> output = "works great in all {0} threads!".format(dv)
+
+    PROTIP: To keep lines shorter, use: ``from formatutils import
+    DeferredValue as DV``
+    """
+    def __init__(self, func, cache_value=True):
+        self.func = func
+        self.cache_value = True
+        self._value = _UNSET
+
+    def get_value(self):
+        """Computes, optionally caches, and returns the value of the
+        *func*. If ``get_value()`` has been called before, a cached
+        value may be returned depending on the *cache_value* option
+        passed to the constructor.
+        """
+        if self._value is not _UNSET and self.cache_value:
+            value = self._value
+        else:
+            value = self.func()
+            if self.cache_value:
+                self._value = value
+        return value
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        return int(self.get_value())
+
+    def __float__(self):
+        return float(self.get_value())
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.get_value())
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        return unicode(self.get_value())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self.get_value())
+
+    def __format__(self, fmt):
+        value = self.get_value()
+
+        pt = fmt[-1:]  # presentation type
+        type_conv = _TYPE_MAP.get(pt, str)
+
+        try:
+            return value.__format__(fmt)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            # TODO: this may be overkill
+            return type_conv(value).__format__(fmt)
+
+# end formatutils.py