Mercurial > repos > shellac > sam_consensus_v3

annotate env/lib/python3.9/site-packages/boltons/iterutils.py @ 0:4f3585e2f14b draft default tip

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"planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
author shellac
date Mon, 22 Mar 2021 18:12:50 +0000
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1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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2 """:mod:`itertools` is full of great examples of Python generator
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3 usage. However, there are still some critical gaps. ``iterutils``
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4 fills many of those gaps with featureful, tested, and Pythonic
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5 solutions.
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6
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7 Many of the functions below have two versions, one which
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8 returns an iterator (denoted by the ``*_iter`` naming pattern), and a
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9 shorter-named convenience form that returns a list. Some of the
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10 following are based on examples in itertools docs.
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11 """
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12
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13 import os
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14 import math
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15 import time
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16 import codecs
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17 import random
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18 import itertools
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19
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20 try:
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21 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence, Set, ItemsView, Iterable
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22 except ImportError:
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23 from collections import Mapping, Sequence, Set, ItemsView, Iterable
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24
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25
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26 try:
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27 from typeutils import make_sentinel
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28 _UNSET = make_sentinel('_UNSET')
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29 _REMAP_EXIT = make_sentinel('_REMAP_EXIT')
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30 except ImportError:
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31 _REMAP_EXIT = object()
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32 _UNSET = object()
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33
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34 try:
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35 from future_builtins import filter
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36 from itertools import izip
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37 _IS_PY3 = False
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38 except ImportError:
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39 # Python 3 compat
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40 _IS_PY3 = True
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41 basestring = (str, bytes)
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42 unicode = str
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43 izip, xrange = zip, range
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44
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45
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46 def is_iterable(obj):
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47 """Similar in nature to :func:`callable`, ``is_iterable`` returns
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48 ``True`` if an object is `iterable`_, ``False`` if not.
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49
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50 >>> is_iterable([])
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51 True
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52 >>> is_iterable(object())
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53 False
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54
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55 .. _iterable: https://docs.python.org/2/glossary.html#term-iterable
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56 """
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57 try:
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58 iter(obj)
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59 except TypeError:
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60 return False
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61 return True
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62
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63
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64 def is_scalar(obj):
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65 """A near-mirror of :func:`is_iterable`. Returns ``False`` if an
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66 object is an iterable container type. Strings are considered
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67 scalar as well, because strings are more often treated as whole
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68 values as opposed to iterables of 1-character substrings.
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69
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70 >>> is_scalar(object())
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71 True
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72 >>> is_scalar(range(10))
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73 False
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74 >>> is_scalar('hello')
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75 True
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76 """
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77 return not is_iterable(obj) or isinstance(obj, basestring)
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78
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79
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80 def is_collection(obj):
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81 """The opposite of :func:`is_scalar`. Returns ``True`` if an object
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82 is an iterable other than a string.
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83
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84 >>> is_collection(object())
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85 False
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86 >>> is_collection(range(10))
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87 True
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88 >>> is_collection('hello')
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89 False
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90 """
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91 return is_iterable(obj) and not isinstance(obj, basestring)
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92
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93
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94 def split(src, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
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95 """Splits an iterable based on a separator. Like :meth:`str.split`,
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96 but for all iterables. Returns a list of lists.
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97
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98 >>> split(['hi', 'hello', None, None, 'sup', None, 'soap', None])
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99 [['hi', 'hello'], ['sup'], ['soap']]
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100
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101 See :func:`split_iter` docs for more info.
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102 """
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103 return list(split_iter(src, sep, maxsplit))
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104
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105
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106 def split_iter(src, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
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107 """Splits an iterable based on a separator, *sep*, a max of
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108 *maxsplit* times (no max by default). *sep* can be:
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109
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110 * a single value
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111 * an iterable of separators
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112 * a single-argument callable that returns True when a separator is
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113 encountered
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114
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115 ``split_iter()`` yields lists of non-separator values. A separator will
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116 never appear in the output.
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117
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118 >>> list(split_iter(['hi', 'hello', None, None, 'sup', None, 'soap', None]))
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119 [['hi', 'hello'], ['sup'], ['soap']]
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120
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121 Note that ``split_iter`` is based on :func:`str.split`, so if
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122 *sep* is ``None``, ``split()`` **groups** separators. If empty lists
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123 are desired between two contiguous ``None`` values, simply use
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124 ``sep=[None]``:
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125
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126 >>> list(split_iter(['hi', 'hello', None, None, 'sup', None]))
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127 [['hi', 'hello'], ['sup']]
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128 >>> list(split_iter(['hi', 'hello', None, None, 'sup', None], sep=[None]))
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129 [['hi', 'hello'], [], ['sup'], []]
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130
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131 Using a callable separator:
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132
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133 >>> falsy_sep = lambda x: not x
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134 >>> list(split_iter(['hi', 'hello', None, '', 'sup', False], falsy_sep))
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135 [['hi', 'hello'], [], ['sup'], []]
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136
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137 See :func:`split` for a list-returning version.
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138
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139 """
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140 if not is_iterable(src):
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141 raise TypeError('expected an iterable')
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142
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143 if maxsplit is not None:
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144 maxsplit = int(maxsplit)
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145 if maxsplit == 0:
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146 yield [src]
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147 return
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148
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149 if callable(sep):
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150 sep_func = sep
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151 elif not is_scalar(sep):
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152 sep = frozenset(sep)
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153 sep_func = lambda x: x in sep
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154 else:
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155 sep_func = lambda x: x == sep
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156
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157 cur_group = []
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158 split_count = 0
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159 for s in src:
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160 if maxsplit is not None and split_count >= maxsplit:
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161 sep_func = lambda x: False
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162 if sep_func(s):
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163 if sep is None and not cur_group:
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164 # If sep is none, str.split() "groups" separators
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165 # check the str.split() docs for more info
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166 continue
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167 split_count += 1
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168 yield cur_group
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169 cur_group = []
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170 else:
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171 cur_group.append(s)
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172
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173 if cur_group or sep is not None:
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174 yield cur_group
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175 return
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176
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177
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178 def lstrip(iterable, strip_value=None):
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179 """Strips values from the beginning of an iterable. Stripped items will
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180 match the value of the argument strip_value. Functionality is analigous
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181 to that of the method str.lstrip. Returns a list.
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182
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183 >>> lstrip(['Foo', 'Bar', 'Bam'], 'Foo')
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184 ['Bar', 'Bam']
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185
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186 """
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187 return list(lstrip_iter(iterable, strip_value))
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188
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189
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190 def lstrip_iter(iterable, strip_value=None):
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191 """Strips values from the beginning of an iterable. Stripped items will
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192 match the value of the argument strip_value. Functionality is analigous
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193 to that of the method str.lstrip. Returns a generator.
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194
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195 >>> list(lstrip_iter(['Foo', 'Bar', 'Bam'], 'Foo'))
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196 ['Bar', 'Bam']
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197
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198 """
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199 iterator = iter(iterable)
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200 for i in iterator:
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201 if i != strip_value:
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202 yield i
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203 break
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204 for i in iterator:
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205 yield i
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206
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207
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208 def rstrip(iterable, strip_value=None):
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209 """Strips values from the end of an iterable. Stripped items will
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210 match the value of the argument strip_value. Functionality is analigous
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211 to that of the method str.rstrip. Returns a list.
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212
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213 >>> rstrip(['Foo', 'Bar', 'Bam'], 'Bam')
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214 ['Foo', 'Bar']
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215
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216 """
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217 return list(rstrip_iter(iterable,strip_value))
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218
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219
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220 def rstrip_iter(iterable, strip_value=None):
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221 """Strips values from the end of an iterable. Stripped items will
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222 match the value of the argument strip_value. Functionality is analigous
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223 to that of the method str.rstrip. Returns a generator.
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224
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225 >>> list(rstrip_iter(['Foo', 'Bar', 'Bam'], 'Bam'))
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226 ['Foo', 'Bar']
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227
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228 """
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229 iterator = iter(iterable)
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230 for i in iterator:
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231 if i == strip_value:
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232 cache = list()
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233 cache.append(i)
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234 broken = False
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235 for i in iterator:
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236 if i == strip_value:
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237 cache.append(i)
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238 else:
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239 broken = True
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240 break
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241 if not broken: # Return to caller here because the end of the
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242 return # iterator has been reached
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243 for t in cache:
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244 yield t
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245 yield i
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246
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247
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248 def strip(iterable, strip_value=None):
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249 """Strips values from the beginning and end of an iterable. Stripped items
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250 will match the value of the argument strip_value. Functionality is
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251 analigous to that of the method str.strip. Returns a list.
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252
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253 >>> strip(['Fu', 'Foo', 'Bar', 'Bam', 'Fu'], 'Fu')
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254 ['Foo', 'Bar', 'Bam']
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255
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256 """
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257 return list(strip_iter(iterable,strip_value))
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258
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259
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260 def strip_iter(iterable,strip_value=None):
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261 """Strips values from the beginning and end of an iterable. Stripped items
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262 will match the value of the argument strip_value. Functionality is
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263 analigous to that of the method str.strip. Returns a generator.
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264
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265 >>> list(strip_iter(['Fu', 'Foo', 'Bar', 'Bam', 'Fu'], 'Fu'))
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266 ['Foo', 'Bar', 'Bam']
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267
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268 """
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269 return rstrip_iter(lstrip_iter(iterable,strip_value),strip_value)
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270
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271
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272 def chunked(src, size, count=None, **kw):
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273 """Returns a list of *count* chunks, each with *size* elements,
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274 generated from iterable *src*. If *src* is not evenly divisible by
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275 *size*, the final chunk will have fewer than *size* elements.
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276 Provide the *fill* keyword argument to provide a pad value and
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277 enable padding, otherwise no padding will take place.
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278
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279 >>> chunked(range(10), 3)
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280 [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8], [9]]
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281 >>> chunked(range(10), 3, fill=None)
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282 [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8], [9, None, None]]
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283 >>> chunked(range(10), 3, count=2)
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284 [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]]
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285
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286 See :func:`chunked_iter` for more info.
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287 """
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288 chunk_iter = chunked_iter(src, size, **kw)
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289 if count is None:
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290 return list(chunk_iter)
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291 else:
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292 return list(itertools.islice(chunk_iter, count))
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293
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294
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295 def chunked_iter(src, size, **kw):
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296 """Generates *size*-sized chunks from *src* iterable. Unless the
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297 optional *fill* keyword argument is provided, iterables not evenly
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298 divisible by *size* will have a final chunk that is smaller than
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299 *size*.
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300
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301 >>> list(chunked_iter(range(10), 3))
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302 [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8], [9]]
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303 >>> list(chunked_iter(range(10), 3, fill=None))
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304 [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8], [9, None, None]]
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305
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306 Note that ``fill=None`` in fact uses ``None`` as the fill value.
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307 """
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308 # TODO: add count kwarg?
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309 if not is_iterable(src):
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310 raise TypeError('expected an iterable')
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311 size = int(size)
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312 if size <= 0:
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313 raise ValueError('expected a positive integer chunk size')
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314 do_fill = True
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315 try:
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316 fill_val = kw.pop('fill')
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317 except KeyError:
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318 do_fill = False
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319 fill_val = None
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320 if kw:
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321 raise ValueError('got unexpected keyword arguments: %r' % kw.keys())
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322 if not src:
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323 return
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324 postprocess = lambda chk: chk
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325 if isinstance(src, basestring):
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326 postprocess = lambda chk, _sep=type(src)(): _sep.join(chk)
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327 if _IS_PY3 and isinstance(src, bytes):
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328 postprocess = lambda chk: bytes(chk)
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329 src_iter = iter(src)
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330 while True:
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331 cur_chunk = list(itertools.islice(src_iter, size))
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332 if not cur_chunk:
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333 break
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334 lc = len(cur_chunk)
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335 if lc < size and do_fill:
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336 cur_chunk[lc:] = [fill_val] * (size - lc)
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337 yield postprocess(cur_chunk)
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338 return
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339
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340
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341 def pairwise(src):
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342 """Convenience function for calling :func:`windowed` on *src*, with
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343 *size* set to 2.
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344
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345 >>> pairwise(range(5))
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346 [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)]
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347 >>> pairwise([])
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348 []
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349
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350 The number of pairs is always one less than the number of elements
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351 in the iterable passed in, except on empty inputs, which returns
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352 an empty list.
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353 """
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354 return windowed(src, 2)
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355
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356
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357 def pairwise_iter(src):
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358 """Convenience function for calling :func:`windowed_iter` on *src*,
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359 with *size* set to 2.
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360
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361 >>> list(pairwise_iter(range(5)))
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362 [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)]
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363 >>> list(pairwise_iter([]))
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364 []
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365
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366 The number of pairs is always one less than the number of elements
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367 in the iterable passed in, or zero, when *src* is empty.
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368
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369 """
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370 return windowed_iter(src, 2)
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371
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372
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373 def windowed(src, size):
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374 """Returns tuples with exactly length *size*. If the iterable is
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375 too short to make a window of length *size*, no tuples are
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376 returned. See :func:`windowed_iter` for more.
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377 """
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378 return list(windowed_iter(src, size))
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379
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380
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381 def windowed_iter(src, size):
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382 """Returns tuples with length *size* which represent a sliding
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383 window over iterable *src*.
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384
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385 >>> list(windowed_iter(range(7), 3))
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386 [(0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5), (4, 5, 6)]
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387
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388 If the iterable is too short to make a window of length *size*,
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389 then no window tuples are returned.
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390
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391 >>> list(windowed_iter(range(3), 5))
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392 []
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393 """
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394 # TODO: lists? (for consistency)
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395 tees = itertools.tee(src, size)
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396 try:
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397 for i, t in enumerate(tees):
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398 for _ in xrange(i):
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399 next(t)
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400 except StopIteration:
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401 return izip([])
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402 return izip(*tees)
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403
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404
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405 def xfrange(stop, start=None, step=1.0):
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406 """Same as :func:`frange`, but generator-based instead of returning a
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407 list.
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408
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409 >>> tuple(xfrange(1, 3, step=0.75))
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410 (1.0, 1.75, 2.5)
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411
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412 See :func:`frange` for more details.
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413 """
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414 if not step:
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415 raise ValueError('step must be non-zero')
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416 if start is None:
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417 start, stop = 0.0, stop * 1.0
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418 else:
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419 # swap when all args are used
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420 stop, start = start * 1.0, stop * 1.0
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421 cur = start
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422 while cur < stop:
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423 yield cur
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424 cur += step
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425
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426
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427 def frange(stop, start=None, step=1.0):
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428 """A :func:`range` clone for float-based ranges.
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429
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430 >>> frange(5)
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431 [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
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432 >>> frange(6, step=1.25)
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433 [0.0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5.0]
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434 >>> frange(100.5, 101.5, 0.25)
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435 [100.5, 100.75, 101.0, 101.25]
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parents:
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436 >>> frange(5, 0)
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437 []
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438 >>> frange(5, 0, step=-1.25)
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439 [5.0, 3.75, 2.5, 1.25]
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440 """
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441 if not step:
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442 raise ValueError('step must be non-zero')
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443 if start is None:
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444 start, stop = 0.0, stop * 1.0
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445 else:
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446 # swap when all args are used
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447 stop, start = start * 1.0, stop * 1.0
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448 count = int(math.ceil((stop - start) / step))
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449 ret = [None] * count
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450 if not ret:
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451 return ret
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452 ret[0] = start
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453 for i in xrange(1, count):
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454 ret[i] = ret[i - 1] + step
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455 return ret
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456
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457
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458 def backoff(start, stop, count=None, factor=2.0, jitter=False):
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459 """Returns a list of geometrically-increasing floating-point numbers,
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460 suitable for usage with `exponential backoff`_. Exactly like
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461 :func:`backoff_iter`, but without the ``'repeat'`` option for
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462 *count*. See :func:`backoff_iter` for more details.
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463
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464 .. _exponential backoff: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_backoff
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465
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466 >>> backoff(1, 10)
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467 [1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 10.0]
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468 """
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469 if count == 'repeat':
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470 raise ValueError("'repeat' supported in backoff_iter, not backoff")
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471 return list(backoff_iter(start, stop, count=count,
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472 factor=factor, jitter=jitter))
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473
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474
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475 def backoff_iter(start, stop, count=None, factor=2.0, jitter=False):
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476 """Generates a sequence of geometrically-increasing floats, suitable
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parents:
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477 for usage with `exponential backoff`_. Starts with *start*,
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478 increasing by *factor* until *stop* is reached, optionally
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479 stopping iteration once *count* numbers are yielded. *factor*
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480 defaults to 2. In general retrying with properly-configured
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481 backoff creates a better-behaved component for a larger service
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482 ecosystem.
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483
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484 .. _exponential backoff: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_backoff
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485
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486 >>> list(backoff_iter(1.0, 10.0, count=5))
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parents:
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487 [1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 10.0]
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parents:
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488 >>> list(backoff_iter(1.0, 10.0, count=8))
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489 [1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0]
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490 >>> list(backoff_iter(0.25, 100.0, factor=10))
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491 [0.25, 2.5, 25.0, 100.0]
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492
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493 A simplified usage example:
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494
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495 .. code-block:: python
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496
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497 for timeout in backoff_iter(0.25, 5.0):
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498 try:
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499 res = network_call()
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500 break
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501 except Exception as e:
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502 log(e)
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503 time.sleep(timeout)
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504
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505 An enhancement for large-scale systems would be to add variation,
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parents:
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506 or *jitter*, to timeout values. This is done to avoid a thundering
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507 herd on the receiving end of the network call.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
508
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parents:
diff changeset
509 Finally, for *count*, the special value ``'repeat'`` can be passed to
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
510 continue yielding indefinitely.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
511
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
512 Args:
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parents:
diff changeset
513
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parents:
diff changeset
514 start (float): Positive number for baseline.
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parents:
diff changeset
515 stop (float): Positive number for maximum.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
516 count (int): Number of steps before stopping
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
517 iteration. Defaults to the number of steps between *start* and
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
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parents:
diff changeset
518 *stop*. Pass the string, `'repeat'`, to continue iteration
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
519 indefinitely.
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parents:
diff changeset
520 factor (float): Rate of exponential increase. Defaults to `2.0`,
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parents:
diff changeset
521 e.g., `[1, 2, 4, 8, 16]`.
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parents:
diff changeset
522 jitter (float): A factor between `-1.0` and `1.0`, used to
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
523 uniformly randomize and thus spread out timeouts in a distributed
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
524 system, avoiding rhythm effects. Positive values use the base
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
525 backoff curve as a maximum, negative values use the curve as a
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
526 minimum. Set to 1.0 or `True` for a jitter approximating
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
527 Ethernet's time-tested backoff solution. Defaults to `False`.
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parents:
diff changeset
528
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parents:
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529 """
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parents:
diff changeset
530 start = float(start)
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parents:
diff changeset
531 stop = float(stop)
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parents:
diff changeset
532 factor = float(factor)
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parents:
diff changeset
533 if start < 0.0:
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parents:
diff changeset
534 raise ValueError('expected start >= 0, not %r' % start)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
535 if factor < 1.0:
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parents:
diff changeset
536 raise ValueError('expected factor >= 1.0, not %r' % factor)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
537 if stop == 0.0:
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parents:
diff changeset
538 raise ValueError('expected stop >= 0')
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
539 if stop < start:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
540 raise ValueError('expected stop >= start, not %r' % stop)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
541 if count is None:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
542 denom = start if start else 1
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parents:
diff changeset
543 count = 1 + math.ceil(math.log(stop/denom, factor))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
544 count = count if start else count + 1
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
545 if count != 'repeat' and count < 0:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
546 raise ValueError('count must be positive or "repeat", not %r' % count)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
547 if jitter:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
548 jitter = float(jitter)
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parents:
diff changeset
549 if not (-1.0 <= jitter <= 1.0):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
550 raise ValueError('expected jitter -1 <= j <= 1, not: %r' % jitter)
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parents:
diff changeset
551
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parents:
diff changeset
552 cur, i = start, 0
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parents:
diff changeset
553 while count == 'repeat' or i < count:
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parents:
diff changeset
554 if not jitter:
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parents:
diff changeset
555 cur_ret = cur
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
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parents:
diff changeset
556 elif jitter:
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parents:
diff changeset
557 cur_ret = cur - (cur * jitter * random.random())
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parents:
diff changeset
558 yield cur_ret
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parents:
diff changeset
559 i += 1
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parents:
diff changeset
560 if cur == 0:
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parents:
diff changeset
561 cur = 1
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parents:
diff changeset
562 elif cur < stop:
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parents:
diff changeset
563 cur *= factor
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
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parents:
diff changeset
564 if cur > stop:
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parents:
diff changeset
565 cur = stop
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parents:
diff changeset
566 return
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parents:
diff changeset
567
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parents:
diff changeset
568
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parents:
diff changeset
569 def bucketize(src, key=bool, value_transform=None, key_filter=None):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
570 """Group values in the *src* iterable by the value returned by *key*.
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parents:
diff changeset
571
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
572 >>> bucketize(range(5))
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parents:
diff changeset
573 {False: [0], True: [1, 2, 3, 4]}
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
574 >>> is_odd = lambda x: x % 2 == 1
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
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parents:
diff changeset
575 >>> bucketize(range(5), is_odd)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
576 {False: [0, 2, 4], True: [1, 3]}
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
577
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
578 *key* is :class:`bool` by default, but can either be a callable or a string
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
579 name of the attribute on which to bucketize objects.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
580
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
581 >>> bucketize([1+1j, 2+2j, 1, 2], key='real')
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
582 {1.0: [(1+1j), 1], 2.0: [(2+2j), 2]}
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
583
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
584 Value lists are not deduplicated:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
585
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
586 >>> bucketize([None, None, None, 'hello'])
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
587 {False: [None, None, None], True: ['hello']}
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
588
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
589 Bucketize into more than 3 groups
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
590
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
591 >>> bucketize(range(10), lambda x: x % 3)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
592 {0: [0, 3, 6, 9], 1: [1, 4, 7], 2: [2, 5, 8]}
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
593
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
594 ``bucketize`` has a couple of advanced options useful in certain
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
595 cases. *value_transform* can be used to modify values as they are
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
596 added to buckets, and *key_filter* will allow excluding certain
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
597 buckets from being collected.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
598
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
599 >>> bucketize(range(5), value_transform=lambda x: x*x)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
600 {False: [0], True: [1, 4, 9, 16]}
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
601
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
602 >>> bucketize(range(10), key=lambda x: x % 3, key_filter=lambda k: k % 3 != 1)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
603 {0: [0, 3, 6, 9], 2: [2, 5, 8]}
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
604
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
605 Note in some of these examples there were at most two keys, ``True`` and
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
606 ``False``, and each key present has a list with at least one
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
607 item. See :func:`partition` for a version specialized for binary
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
608 use cases.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
609
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
610 """
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
611 if not is_iterable(src):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
612 raise TypeError('expected an iterable')
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
613
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
614 if isinstance(key, basestring):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
615 key_func = lambda x: getattr(x, key, x)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
616 elif callable(key):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
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parents:
diff changeset
617 key_func = key
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parents:
diff changeset
618 else:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
619 raise TypeError('expected key to be callable or a string')
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
620
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
621 if value_transform is None:
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parents:
diff changeset
622 value_transform = lambda x: x
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
623 if not callable(value_transform):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
624 raise TypeError('expected callable value transform function')
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
625
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
626 ret = {}
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
627 for val in src:
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parents:
diff changeset
628 key_of_val = key_func(val)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
629 if key_filter is None or key_filter(key_of_val):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
630 ret.setdefault(key_of_val, []).append(value_transform(val))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
631 return ret
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
632
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parents:
diff changeset
633
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parents:
diff changeset
634 def partition(src, key=bool):
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parents:
diff changeset
635 """No relation to :meth:`str.partition`, ``partition`` is like
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parents:
diff changeset
636 :func:`bucketize`, but for added convenience returns a tuple of
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parents:
diff changeset
637 ``(truthy_values, falsy_values)``.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
638
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parents:
diff changeset
639 >>> nonempty, empty = partition(['', '', 'hi', '', 'bye'])
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parents:
diff changeset
640 >>> nonempty
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parents:
diff changeset
641 ['hi', 'bye']
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parents:
diff changeset
642
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parents:
diff changeset
643 *key* defaults to :class:`bool`, but can be carefully overridden to
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
644 use either a function that returns either ``True`` or ``False`` or
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
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parents:
diff changeset
645 a string name of the attribute on which to partition objects.
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parents:
diff changeset
646
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parents:
diff changeset
647 >>> import string
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parents:
diff changeset
648 >>> is_digit = lambda x: x in string.digits
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parents:
diff changeset
649 >>> decimal_digits, hexletters = partition(string.hexdigits, is_digit)
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parents:
diff changeset
650 >>> ''.join(decimal_digits), ''.join(hexletters)
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parents:
diff changeset
651 ('0123456789', 'abcdefABCDEF')
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parents:
diff changeset
652 """
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parents:
diff changeset
653 bucketized = bucketize(src, key)
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parents:
diff changeset
654 return bucketized.get(True, []), bucketized.get(False, [])
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parents:
diff changeset
655
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parents:
diff changeset
656
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parents:
diff changeset
657 def unique(src, key=None):
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parents:
diff changeset
658 """``unique()`` returns a list of unique values, as determined by
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parents:
diff changeset
659 *key*, in the order they first appeared in the input iterable,
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parents:
diff changeset
660 *src*.
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parents:
diff changeset
661
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parents:
diff changeset
662 >>> ones_n_zeros = '11010110001010010101010'
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parents:
diff changeset
663 >>> ''.join(unique(ones_n_zeros))
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parents:
diff changeset
664 '10'
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parents:
diff changeset
665
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parents:
diff changeset
666 See :func:`unique_iter` docs for more details.
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parents:
diff changeset
667 """
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parents:
diff changeset
668 return list(unique_iter(src, key))
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parents:
diff changeset
669
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parents:
diff changeset
670
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parents:
diff changeset
671 def unique_iter(src, key=None):
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parents:
diff changeset
672 """Yield unique elements from the iterable, *src*, based on *key*,
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parents:
diff changeset
673 in the order in which they first appeared in *src*.
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parents:
diff changeset
674
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parents:
diff changeset
675 >>> repetitious = [1, 2, 3] * 10
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parents:
diff changeset
676 >>> list(unique_iter(repetitious))
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parents:
diff changeset
677 [1, 2, 3]
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parents:
diff changeset
678
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parents:
diff changeset
679 By default, *key* is the object itself, but *key* can either be a
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parents:
diff changeset
680 callable or, for convenience, a string name of the attribute on
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
681 which to uniqueify objects, falling back on identity when the
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parents:
diff changeset
682 attribute is not present.
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parents:
diff changeset
683
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parents:
diff changeset
684 >>> pleasantries = ['hi', 'hello', 'ok', 'bye', 'yes']
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parents:
diff changeset
685 >>> list(unique_iter(pleasantries, key=lambda x: len(x)))
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parents:
diff changeset
686 ['hi', 'hello', 'bye']
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parents:
diff changeset
687 """
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parents:
diff changeset
688 if not is_iterable(src):
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parents:
diff changeset
689 raise TypeError('expected an iterable, not %r' % type(src))
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parents:
diff changeset
690 if key is None:
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parents:
diff changeset
691 key_func = lambda x: x
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parents:
diff changeset
692 elif callable(key):
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parents:
diff changeset
693 key_func = key
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parents:
diff changeset
694 elif isinstance(key, basestring):
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parents:
diff changeset
695 key_func = lambda x: getattr(x, key, x)
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parents:
diff changeset
696 else:
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parents:
diff changeset
697 raise TypeError('"key" expected a string or callable, not %r' % key)
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parents:
diff changeset
698 seen = set()
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parents:
diff changeset
699 for i in src:
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parents:
diff changeset
700 k = key_func(i)
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parents:
diff changeset
701 if k not in seen:
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parents:
diff changeset
702 seen.add(k)
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parents:
diff changeset
703 yield i
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parents:
diff changeset
704 return
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parents:
diff changeset
705
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parents:
diff changeset
706
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parents:
diff changeset
707 def redundant(src, key=None, groups=False):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
708 """The complement of :func:`unique()`.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
709
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
710 By default returns non-unique/duplicate values as a list of the
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
711 *first* redundant value in *src*. Pass ``groups=True`` to get
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
712 groups of all values with redundancies, ordered by position of the
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
713 first redundant value. This is useful in conjunction with some
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
714 normalizing *key* function.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
715
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
716 >>> redundant([1, 2, 3, 4])
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
717 []
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
718 >>> redundant([1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4])
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
719 [2, 3]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
720 >>> redundant([1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4], groups=True)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
721 [[2, 2], [3, 3, 3]]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
722
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
723 An example using a *key* function to do case-insensitive
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
724 redundancy detection.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
725
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
726 >>> redundant(['hi', 'Hi', 'HI', 'hello'], key=str.lower)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
727 ['Hi']
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
728 >>> redundant(['hi', 'Hi', 'HI', 'hello'], groups=True, key=str.lower)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
729 [['hi', 'Hi', 'HI']]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
730
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
731 *key* should also be used when the values in *src* are not hashable.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
732
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
733 .. note::
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
734
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
735 This output of this function is designed for reporting
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
736 duplicates in contexts when a unique input is desired. Due to
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
737 the grouped return type, there is no streaming equivalent of
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
738 this function for the time being.
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parents:
diff changeset
739
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
740 """
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
741 if key is None:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
742 pass
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
743 elif callable(key):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
744 key_func = key
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
745 elif isinstance(key, basestring):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
746 key_func = lambda x: getattr(x, key, x)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
747 else:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
748 raise TypeError('"key" expected a string or callable, not %r' % key)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
749 seen = {} # key to first seen item
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
750 redundant_order = []
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
751 redundant_groups = {}
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
752 for i in src:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
753 k = key_func(i) if key else i
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
754 if k not in seen:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
755 seen[k] = i
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
756 else:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
757 if k in redundant_groups:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
758 if groups:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
759 redundant_groups[k].append(i)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
760 else:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
761 redundant_order.append(k)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
762 redundant_groups[k] = [seen[k], i]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
763 if not groups:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
764 ret = [redundant_groups[k][1] for k in redundant_order]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
765 else:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
766 ret = [redundant_groups[k] for k in redundant_order]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
767 return ret
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
768
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
769
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
770 def one(src, default=None, key=None):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
771 """Along the same lines as builtins, :func:`all` and :func:`any`, and
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
772 similar to :func:`first`, ``one()`` returns the single object in
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
773 the given iterable *src* that evaluates to ``True``, as determined
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
774 by callable *key*. If unset, *key* defaults to :class:`bool`. If
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
775 no such objects are found, *default* is returned. If *default* is
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
776 not passed, ``None`` is returned.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
777
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
778 If *src* has more than one object that evaluates to ``True``, or
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
779 if there is no object that fulfills such condition, return
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
780 *default*. It's like an `XOR`_ over an iterable.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
781
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
782 >>> one((True, False, False))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
783 True
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
784 >>> one((True, False, True))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
785 >>> one((0, 0, 'a'))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
786 'a'
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
787 >>> one((0, False, None))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
788 >>> one((True, True), default=False)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
789 False
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
790 >>> bool(one(('', 1)))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
791 True
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
792 >>> one((10, 20, 30, 42), key=lambda i: i > 40)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
793 42
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
794
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
795 See `Martín Gaitán's original repo`_ for further use cases.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
796
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
797 .. _Martín Gaitán's original repo: https://github.com/mgaitan/one
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
798 .. _XOR: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
799
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
800 """
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
801 ones = list(itertools.islice(filter(key, src), 2))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
802 return ones[0] if len(ones) == 1 else default
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
803
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
804
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
805 def first(iterable, default=None, key=None):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
806 """Return first element of *iterable* that evaluates to ``True``, else
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
807 return ``None`` or optional *default*. Similar to :func:`one`.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
808
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
809 >>> first([0, False, None, [], (), 42])
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
810 42
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
811 >>> first([0, False, None, [], ()]) is None
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
812 True
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
813 >>> first([0, False, None, [], ()], default='ohai')
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
814 'ohai'
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
815 >>> import re
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
816 >>> m = first(re.match(regex, 'abc') for regex in ['b.*', 'a(.*)'])
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
817 >>> m.group(1)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
818 'bc'
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
819
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
820 The optional *key* argument specifies a one-argument predicate function
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
821 like that used for *filter()*. The *key* argument, if supplied, should be
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
822 in keyword form. For example, finding the first even number in an iterable:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
823
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
824 >>> first([1, 1, 3, 4, 5], key=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
825 4
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
826
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
827 Contributed by Hynek Schlawack, author of `the original standalone module`_.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
828
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
829 .. _the original standalone module: https://github.com/hynek/first
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
830 """
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
831 return next(filter(key, iterable), default)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
832
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
833
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
834 def flatten_iter(iterable):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
835 """``flatten_iter()`` yields all the elements from *iterable* while
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
836 collapsing any nested iterables.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
837
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
838 >>> nested = [[1, 2], [[3], [4, 5]]]
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
839 >>> list(flatten_iter(nested))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
840 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
841 """
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
842 for item in iterable:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
843 if isinstance(item, Iterable) and not isinstance(item, basestring):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
844 for subitem in flatten_iter(item):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
845 yield subitem
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
846 else:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
847 yield item
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
848
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
849 def flatten(iterable):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
850 """``flatten()`` returns a collapsed list of all the elements from
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
851 *iterable* while collapsing any nested iterables.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
852
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
853 >>> nested = [[1, 2], [[3], [4, 5]]]
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
854 >>> flatten(nested)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
855 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
856 """
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
857 return list(flatten_iter(iterable))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
858
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
859
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
860 def same(iterable, ref=_UNSET):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
861 """``same()`` returns ``True`` when all values in *iterable* are
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
862 equal to one another, or optionally a reference value,
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
863 *ref*. Similar to :func:`all` and :func:`any` in that it evaluates
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
864 an iterable and returns a :class:`bool`. ``same()`` returns
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
865 ``True`` for empty iterables.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
866
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
867 >>> same([])
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
868 True
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
869 >>> same([1])
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
870 True
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
871 >>> same(['a', 'a', 'a'])
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
872 True
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
873 >>> same(range(20))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
874 False
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
875 >>> same([[], []])
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
876 True
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
877 >>> same([[], []], ref='test')
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
878 False
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
879
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
880 """
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
881 iterator = iter(iterable)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
882 if ref is _UNSET:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
883 ref = next(iterator, ref)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
884 return all(val == ref for val in iterator)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
885
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
886
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parents:
diff changeset
887 def default_visit(path, key, value):
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parents:
diff changeset
888 # print('visit(%r, %r, %r)' % (path, key, value))
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parents:
diff changeset
889 return key, value
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parents:
diff changeset
890
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parents:
diff changeset
891 # enable the extreme: monkeypatching iterutils with a different default_visit
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
892 _orig_default_visit = default_visit
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
893
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parents:
diff changeset
894
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parents:
diff changeset
895 def default_enter(path, key, value):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
896 # print('enter(%r, %r)' % (key, value))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
897 if isinstance(value, basestring):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
898 return value, False
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
899 elif isinstance(value, Mapping):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
900 return value.__class__(), ItemsView(value)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
901 elif isinstance(value, Sequence):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
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parents:
diff changeset
902 return value.__class__(), enumerate(value)
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parents:
diff changeset
903 elif isinstance(value, Set):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
904 return value.__class__(), enumerate(value)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
905 else:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
906 # files, strings, other iterables, and scalars are not
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
907 # traversed
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parents:
diff changeset
908 return value, False
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
909
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
910
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parents:
diff changeset
911 def default_exit(path, key, old_parent, new_parent, new_items):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
912 # print('exit(%r, %r, %r, %r, %r)'
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
913 # % (path, key, old_parent, new_parent, new_items))
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parents:
diff changeset
914 ret = new_parent
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parents:
diff changeset
915 if isinstance(new_parent, Mapping):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
916 new_parent.update(new_items)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
917 elif isinstance(new_parent, Sequence):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
918 vals = [v for i, v in new_items]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
919 try:
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parents:
diff changeset
920 new_parent.extend(vals)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
921 except AttributeError:
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parents:
diff changeset
922 ret = new_parent.__class__(vals) # tuples
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
923 elif isinstance(new_parent, Set):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
924 vals = [v for i, v in new_items]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
925 try:
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parents:
diff changeset
926 new_parent.update(vals)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
927 except AttributeError:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
928 ret = new_parent.__class__(vals) # frozensets
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parents:
diff changeset
929 else:
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parents:
diff changeset
930 raise RuntimeError('unexpected iterable type: %r' % type(new_parent))
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parents:
diff changeset
931 return ret
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parents:
diff changeset
932
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parents:
diff changeset
933
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parents:
diff changeset
934 def remap(root, visit=default_visit, enter=default_enter, exit=default_exit,
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parents:
diff changeset
935 **kwargs):
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parents:
diff changeset
936 """The remap ("recursive map") function is used to traverse and
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
937 transform nested structures. Lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
938 are just a few of the data structures nested into heterogenous
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
939 tree-like structures that are so common in programming.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
940 Unfortunately, Python's built-in ways to manipulate collections
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
941 are almost all flat. List comprehensions may be fast and succinct,
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
942 but they do not recurse, making it tedious to apply quick changes
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
943 or complex transforms to real-world data.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
944
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
945 remap goes where list comprehensions cannot.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
946
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
947 Here's an example of removing all Nones from some data:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
948
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
949 >>> from pprint import pprint
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
950 >>> reviews = {'Star Trek': {'TNG': 10, 'DS9': 8.5, 'ENT': None},
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
951 ... 'Babylon 5': 6, 'Dr. Who': None}
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
952 >>> pprint(remap(reviews, lambda p, k, v: v is not None))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
953 {'Babylon 5': 6, 'Star Trek': {'DS9': 8.5, 'TNG': 10}}
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
954
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
955 Notice how both Nones have been removed despite the nesting in the
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
956 dictionary. Not bad for a one-liner, and that's just the beginning.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
957 See `this remap cookbook`_ for more delicious recipes.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
958
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
959 .. _this remap cookbook: http://sedimental.org/remap.html
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
960
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
961 remap takes four main arguments: the object to traverse and three
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
962 optional callables which determine how the remapped object will be
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
963 created.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
964
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
965 Args:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
966
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
967 root: The target object to traverse. By default, remap
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
968 supports iterables like :class:`list`, :class:`tuple`,
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
969 :class:`dict`, and :class:`set`, but any object traversable by
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
970 *enter* will work.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
971 visit (callable): This function is called on every item in
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
972 *root*. It must accept three positional arguments, *path*,
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
973 *key*, and *value*. *path* is simply a tuple of parents'
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
974 keys. *visit* should return the new key-value pair. It may
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
975 also return ``True`` as shorthand to keep the old item
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
976 unmodified, or ``False`` to drop the item from the new
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
977 structure. *visit* is called after *enter*, on the new parent.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
978
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
979 The *visit* function is called for every item in root,
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
980 including duplicate items. For traversable values, it is
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
981 called on the new parent object, after all its children
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
982 have been visited. The default visit behavior simply
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
983 returns the key-value pair unmodified.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
984 enter (callable): This function controls which items in *root*
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
985 are traversed. It accepts the same arguments as *visit*: the
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
986 path, the key, and the value of the current item. It returns a
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
987 pair of the blank new parent, and an iterator over the items
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
988 which should be visited. If ``False`` is returned instead of
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
989 an iterator, the value will not be traversed.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
990
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
991 The *enter* function is only called once per unique value. The
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
992 default enter behavior support mappings, sequences, and
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
993 sets. Strings and all other iterables will not be traversed.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
994 exit (callable): This function determines how to handle items
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
995 once they have been visited. It gets the same three
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
996 arguments as the other functions -- *path*, *key*, *value*
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
997 -- plus two more: the blank new parent object returned
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
998 from *enter*, and a list of the new items, as remapped by
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
999 *visit*.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1000
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1001 Like *enter*, the *exit* function is only called once per
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1002 unique value. The default exit behavior is to simply add
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1003 all new items to the new parent, e.g., using
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1004 :meth:`list.extend` and :meth:`dict.update` to add to the
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1005 new parent. Immutable objects, such as a :class:`tuple` or
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1006 :class:`namedtuple`, must be recreated from scratch, but
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1007 use the same type as the new parent passed back from the
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1008 *enter* function.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1009 reraise_visit (bool): A pragmatic convenience for the *visit*
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1010 callable. When set to ``False``, remap ignores any errors
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1011 raised by the *visit* callback. Items causing exceptions
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1012 are kept. See examples for more details.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1013
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1014 remap is designed to cover the majority of cases with just the
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1015 *visit* callable. While passing in multiple callables is very
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1016 empowering, remap is designed so very few cases should require
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1017 passing more than one function.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1018
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1019 When passing *enter* and *exit*, it's common and easiest to build
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1020 on the default behavior. Simply add ``from boltons.iterutils import
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1021 default_enter`` (or ``default_exit``), and have your enter/exit
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1022 function call the default behavior before or after your custom
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1023 logic. See `this example`_.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1024
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1025 Duplicate and self-referential objects (aka reference loops) are
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1026 automatically handled internally, `as shown here`_.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1027
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1028 .. _this example: http://sedimental.org/remap.html#sort_all_lists
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1029 .. _as shown here: http://sedimental.org/remap.html#corner_cases
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1030
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1031 """
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1032 # TODO: improve argument formatting in sphinx doc
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1033 # TODO: enter() return (False, items) to continue traverse but cancel copy?
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1034 if not callable(visit):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1035 raise TypeError('visit expected callable, not: %r' % visit)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1036 if not callable(enter):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1037 raise TypeError('enter expected callable, not: %r' % enter)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1038 if not callable(exit):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1039 raise TypeError('exit expected callable, not: %r' % exit)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1040 reraise_visit = kwargs.pop('reraise_visit', True)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1041 if kwargs:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1042 raise TypeError('unexpected keyword arguments: %r' % kwargs.keys())
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1043
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1044 path, registry, stack = (), {}, [(None, root)]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1045 new_items_stack = []
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1046 while stack:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1047 key, value = stack.pop()
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1048 id_value = id(value)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1049 if key is _REMAP_EXIT:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1050 key, new_parent, old_parent = value
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1051 id_value = id(old_parent)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1052 path, new_items = new_items_stack.pop()
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1053 value = exit(path, key, old_parent, new_parent, new_items)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1054 registry[id_value] = value
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1055 if not new_items_stack:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1056 continue
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1057 elif id_value in registry:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1058 value = registry[id_value]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1059 else:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1060 res = enter(path, key, value)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1061 try:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1062 new_parent, new_items = res
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1063 except TypeError:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1064 # TODO: handle False?
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1065 raise TypeError('enter should return a tuple of (new_parent,'
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1066 ' items_iterator), not: %r' % res)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1067 if new_items is not False:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1068 # traverse unless False is explicitly passed
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1069 registry[id_value] = new_parent
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1070 new_items_stack.append((path, []))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1071 if value is not root:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1072 path += (key,)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1073 stack.append((_REMAP_EXIT, (key, new_parent, value)))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1074 if new_items:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1075 stack.extend(reversed(list(new_items)))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1076 continue
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1077 if visit is _orig_default_visit:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1078 # avoid function call overhead by inlining identity operation
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1079 visited_item = (key, value)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1080 else:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1081 try:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1082 visited_item = visit(path, key, value)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1083 except Exception:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1084 if reraise_visit:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1085 raise
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1086 visited_item = True
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1087 if visited_item is False:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1088 continue # drop
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1089 elif visited_item is True:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1090 visited_item = (key, value)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1091 # TODO: typecheck?
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1092 # raise TypeError('expected (key, value) from visit(),'
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1093 # ' not: %r' % visited_item)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1094 try:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1095 new_items_stack[-1][1].append(visited_item)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1096 except IndexError:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1097 raise TypeError('expected remappable root, not: %r' % root)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1098 return value
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1099
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1100
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1101 class PathAccessError(KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1102 """An amalgamation of KeyError, IndexError, and TypeError,
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1103 representing what can occur when looking up a path in a nested
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1104 object.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1105 """
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1106 def __init__(self, exc, seg, path):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1107 self.exc = exc
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1108 self.seg = seg
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1109 self.path = path
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1110
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1111 def __repr__(self):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1112 cn = self.__class__.__name__
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1113 return '%s(%r, %r, %r)' % (cn, self.exc, self.seg, self.path)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1114
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1115 def __str__(self):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1116 return ('could not access %r from path %r, got error: %r'
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1117 % (self.seg, self.path, self.exc))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1118
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1119
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1120 def get_path(root, path, default=_UNSET):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1121 """Retrieve a value from a nested object via a tuple representing the
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1122 lookup path.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1123
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1124 >>> root = {'a': {'b': {'c': [[1], [2], [3]]}}}
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1125 >>> get_path(root, ('a', 'b', 'c', 2, 0))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1126 3
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1127
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1128 The path format is intentionally consistent with that of
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1129 :func:`remap`.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1130
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1131 One of get_path's chief aims is improved error messaging. EAFP is
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1132 great, but the error messages are not.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1133
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1134 For instance, ``root['a']['b']['c'][2][1]`` gives back
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1135 ``IndexError: list index out of range``
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1136
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1137 What went out of range where? get_path currently raises
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1138 ``PathAccessError: could not access 2 from path ('a', 'b', 'c', 2,
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1139 1), got error: IndexError('list index out of range',)``, a
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1140 subclass of IndexError and KeyError.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1141
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1142 You can also pass a default that covers the entire operation,
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1143 should the lookup fail at any level.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1144
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1145 Args:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1146 root: The target nesting of dictionaries, lists, or other
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1147 objects supporting ``__getitem__``.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1148 path (tuple): A list of strings and integers to be successively
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1149 looked up within *root*.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1150 default: The value to be returned should any
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1151 ``PathAccessError`` exceptions be raised.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1152 """
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1153 if isinstance(path, basestring):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1154 path = path.split('.')
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1155 cur = root
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1156 try:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1157 for seg in path:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1158 try:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1159 cur = cur[seg]
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1160 except (KeyError, IndexError) as exc:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1161 raise PathAccessError(exc, seg, path)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1162 except TypeError as exc:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1163 # either string index in a list, or a parent that
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1164 # doesn't support indexing
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1165 try:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1166 seg = int(seg)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1167 cur = cur[seg]
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1168 except (ValueError, KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1169 if not is_iterable(cur):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1170 exc = TypeError('%r object is not indexable'
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1171 % type(cur).__name__)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1172 raise PathAccessError(exc, seg, path)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1173 except PathAccessError:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1174 if default is _UNSET:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1175 raise
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1176 return default
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1177 return cur
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1178
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1179
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1180 def research(root, query=lambda p, k, v: True, reraise=False):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1181 """The :func:`research` function uses :func:`remap` to recurse over
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1182 any data nested in *root*, and find values which match a given
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1183 criterion, specified by the *query* callable.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1184
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1185 Results are returned as a list of ``(path, value)`` pairs. The
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1186 paths are tuples in the same format accepted by
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1187 :func:`get_path`. This can be useful for comparing values nested
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1188 in two or more different structures.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1189
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1190 Here's a simple example that finds all integers:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1191
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1192 >>> root = {'a': {'b': 1, 'c': (2, 'd', 3)}, 'e': None}
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1193 >>> res = research(root, query=lambda p, k, v: isinstance(v, int))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1194 >>> print(sorted(res))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1195 [(('a', 'b'), 1), (('a', 'c', 0), 2), (('a', 'c', 2), 3)]
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1196
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1197 Note how *query* follows the same, familiar ``path, key, value``
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1198 signature as the ``visit`` and ``enter`` functions on
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1199 :func:`remap`, and returns a :class:`bool`.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1200
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1201 Args:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1202 root: The target object to search. Supports the same types of
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1203 objects as :func:`remap`, including :class:`list`,
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1204 :class:`tuple`, :class:`dict`, and :class:`set`.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1205 query (callable): The function called on every object to
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1206 determine whether to include it in the search results. The
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1207 callable must accept three arguments, *path*, *key*, and
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1208 *value*, commonly abbreviated *p*, *k*, and *v*, same as
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1209 *enter* and *visit* from :func:`remap`.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1210 reraise (bool): Whether to reraise exceptions raised by *query*
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1211 or to simply drop the result that caused the error.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1212
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1213
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1214 With :func:`research` it's easy to inspect the details of a data
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1215 structure, like finding values that are at a certain depth (using
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1216 ``len(p)``) and much more. If more advanced functionality is
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1217 needed, check out the code and make your own :func:`remap`
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1218 wrapper, and consider `submitting a patch`_!
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1219
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1220 .. _submitting a patch: https://github.com/mahmoud/boltons/pulls
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1221 """
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1222 ret = []
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1223
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1224 if not callable(query):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1225 raise TypeError('query expected callable, not: %r' % query)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1226
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1227 def enter(path, key, value):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1228 try:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1229 if query(path, key, value):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1230 ret.append((path + (key,), value))
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1231 except Exception:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1232 if reraise:
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1233 raise
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1234 return default_enter(path, key, value)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1235
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1236 remap(root, enter=enter)
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1237 return ret
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1238
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1239
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1240 # TODO: recollect()
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1241 # TODO: refilter()
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1242 # TODO: reiter()
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1243
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1244
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1245 # GUID iterators: 10x faster and somewhat more compact than uuid.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1246
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1247 class GUIDerator(object):
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1248 """The GUIDerator is an iterator that yields a globally-unique
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1249 identifier (GUID) on every iteration. The GUIDs produced are
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1250 hexadecimal strings.
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1251
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1252 Testing shows it to be around 12x faster than the uuid module. By
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1253 default it is also more compact, partly due to its default 96-bit
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1254 (24-hexdigit) length. 96 bits of randomness means that there is a
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1255 1 in 2 ^ 32 chance of collision after 2 ^ 64 iterations. If more
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1256 or less uniqueness is desired, the *size* argument can be adjusted
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1257 accordingly.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1258
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1259 Args:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1260 size (int): character length of the GUID, defaults to 24. Lengths
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1261 between 20 and 36 are considered valid.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1262
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1263 The GUIDerator has built-in fork protection that causes it to
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1264 detect a fork on next iteration and reseed accordingly.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1265
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1266 """
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1267 def __init__(self, size=24):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1268 self.size = size
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parents:
diff changeset
1269 if size < 20 or size > 36:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1270 raise ValueError('expected 20 < size <= 36')
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1271 import hashlib
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parents:
diff changeset
1272 self._sha1 = hashlib.sha1
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1273 self.count = itertools.count()
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1274 self.reseed()
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parents:
diff changeset
1275
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parents:
diff changeset
1276 def reseed(self):
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parents:
diff changeset
1277 import socket
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parents:
diff changeset
1278 self.pid = os.getpid()
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parents:
diff changeset
1279 self.salt = '-'.join([str(self.pid),
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1280 socket.gethostname() or b'<nohostname>',
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1281 str(time.time()),
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1282 codecs.encode(os.urandom(6),
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1283 'hex_codec').decode('ascii')])
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1284 # that codecs trick is the best/only way to get a bytes to
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1285 # hexbytes in py2/3
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1286 return
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parents:
diff changeset
1287
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parents:
diff changeset
1288 def __iter__(self):
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parents:
diff changeset
1289 return self
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1290
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parents:
diff changeset
1291 if _IS_PY3:
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parents:
diff changeset
1292 def __next__(self):
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parents:
diff changeset
1293 if os.getpid() != self.pid:
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1294 self.reseed()
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parents:
diff changeset
1295 target_bytes = (self.salt + str(next(self.count))).encode('utf8')
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1296 hash_text = self._sha1(target_bytes).hexdigest()[:self.size]
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parents:
diff changeset
1297 return hash_text
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parents:
diff changeset
1298 else:
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parents:
diff changeset
1299 def __next__(self):
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parents:
diff changeset
1300 if os.getpid() != self.pid:
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parents:
diff changeset
1301 self.reseed()
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parents:
diff changeset
1302 return self._sha1(self.salt +
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parents:
diff changeset
1303 str(next(self.count))).hexdigest()[:self.size]
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parents:
diff changeset
1304
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parents:
diff changeset
1305 next = __next__
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parents:
diff changeset
1306
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parents:
diff changeset
1307
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parents:
diff changeset
1308 class SequentialGUIDerator(GUIDerator):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1309 """Much like the standard GUIDerator, the SequentialGUIDerator is an
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1310 iterator that yields a globally-unique identifier (GUID) on every
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1311 iteration. The GUIDs produced are hexadecimal strings.
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parents:
diff changeset
1312
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parents:
diff changeset
1313 The SequentialGUIDerator differs in that it picks a starting GUID
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parents:
diff changeset
1314 value and increments every iteration. This yields GUIDs which are
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parents:
diff changeset
1315 of course unique, but also ordered and lexicographically sortable.
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parents:
diff changeset
1316
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parents:
diff changeset
1317 The SequentialGUIDerator is around 50% faster than the normal
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1318 GUIDerator, making it almost 20x as fast as the built-in uuid
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parents:
diff changeset
1319 module. By default it is also more compact, partly due to its
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parents:
diff changeset
1320 96-bit (24-hexdigit) default length. 96 bits of randomness means that
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1321 there is a 1 in 2 ^ 32 chance of collision after 2 ^ 64
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1322 iterations. If more or less uniqueness is desired, the *size*
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parents:
diff changeset
1323 argument can be adjusted accordingly.
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parents:
diff changeset
1324
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parents:
diff changeset
1325 Args:
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parents:
diff changeset
1326 size (int): character length of the GUID, defaults to 24.
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parents:
diff changeset
1327
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parents:
diff changeset
1328 Note that with SequentialGUIDerator there is a chance of GUIDs
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1329 growing larger than the size configured. The SequentialGUIDerator
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1330 has built-in fork protection that causes it to detect a fork on
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1331 next iteration and reseed accordingly.
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parents:
diff changeset
1332
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parents:
diff changeset
1333 """
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parents:
diff changeset
1334
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parents:
diff changeset
1335 if _IS_PY3:
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parents:
diff changeset
1336 def reseed(self):
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parents:
diff changeset
1337 super(SequentialGUIDerator, self).reseed()
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1338 start_str = self._sha1(self.salt.encode('utf8')).hexdigest()
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1339 self.start = int(start_str[:self.size], 16)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1340 self.start |= (1 << ((self.size * 4) - 2))
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parents:
diff changeset
1341 else:
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parents:
diff changeset
1342 def reseed(self):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1343 super(SequentialGUIDerator, self).reseed()
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1344 start_str = self._sha1(self.salt).hexdigest()
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1345 self.start = int(start_str[:self.size], 16)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1346 self.start |= (1 << ((self.size * 4) - 2))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1347
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parents:
diff changeset
1348 def __next__(self):
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parents:
diff changeset
1349 if os.getpid() != self.pid:
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parents:
diff changeset
1350 self.reseed()
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parents:
diff changeset
1351 return '%x' % (next(self.count) + self.start)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1352
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1353 next = __next__
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parents:
diff changeset
1354
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parents:
diff changeset
1355
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parents:
diff changeset
1356 guid_iter = GUIDerator()
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1357 seq_guid_iter = SequentialGUIDerator()
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parents:
diff changeset
1358
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parents:
diff changeset
1359
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parents:
diff changeset
1360 def soft_sorted(iterable, first=None, last=None, key=None, reverse=False):
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1361 """For when you care about the order of some elements, but not about
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parents:
diff changeset
1362 others.
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parents:
diff changeset
1363
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parents:
diff changeset
1364 Use this to float to the top and/or sink to the bottom a specific
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1365 ordering, while sorting the rest of the elements according to
4f3585e2f14b "planemo upload commit 60cee0fc7c0cda8592644e1aad72851dec82c959"
shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1366 normal :func:`sorted` rules.
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parents:
diff changeset
1367
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parents:
diff changeset
1368 >>> soft_sorted(['two', 'b', 'one', 'a'], first=['one', 'two'])
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1369 ['one', 'two', 'a', 'b']
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1370 >>> soft_sorted(range(7), first=[6, 15], last=[2, 4], reverse=True)
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1371 [6, 5, 3, 1, 0, 2, 4]
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1372 >>> import string
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parents:
diff changeset
1373 >>> ''.join(soft_sorted(string.hexdigits, first='za1', last='b', key=str.lower))
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1374 'aA1023456789cCdDeEfFbB'
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1375
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parents:
diff changeset
1376 Args:
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parents:
diff changeset
1377 iterable (list): A list or other iterable to sort.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1378 first (list): A sequence to enforce for elements which should
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1379 appear at the beginning of the returned list.
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1380 last (list): A sequence to enforce for elements which should
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shellac
parents:
diff changeset
1381 appear at the end of the returned list.
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1382 key (callable): Callable used to generate a comparable key for
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diff changeset
1383 each item to be sorted, same as the key in
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1384 :func:`sorted`. Note that entries in *first* and *last*
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1385 should be the keys for the items. Defaults to
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1386 passthrough/the identity function.
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1387 reverse (bool): Whether or not elements not explicitly ordered
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diff changeset
1388 by *first* and *last* should be in reverse order or not.
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1389
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1390 Returns a new list in sorted order.
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1391 """
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1392 first = first or []
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diff changeset
1393 last = last or []
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diff changeset
1394 key = key or (lambda x: x)
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1395 seq = list(iterable)
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1396 other = [x for x in seq if not ((first and key(x) in first) or (last and key(x) in last))]
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1397 other.sort(key=key, reverse=reverse)
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1398
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diff changeset
1399 if first:
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1400 first = sorted([x for x in seq if key(x) in first], key=lambda x: first.index(key(x)))
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1401 if last:
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diff changeset
1402 last = sorted([x for x in seq if key(x) in last], key=lambda x: last.index(key(x)))
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diff changeset
1403 return first + other + last
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1404
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diff changeset
1405
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1406 def untyped_sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False):
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1407 """A version of :func:`sorted` which will happily sort an iterable of
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diff changeset
1408 heterogenous types and return a new list, similar to legacy Python's
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diff changeset
1409 behavior.
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diff changeset
1410
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diff changeset
1411 >>> untyped_sorted(['abc', 2.0, 1, 2, 'def'])
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1412 [1, 2.0, 2, 'abc', 'def']
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1413
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diff changeset
1414 Note how mutually orderable types are sorted as expected, as in
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diff changeset
1415 the case of the integers and floats above.
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1416
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1417 .. note::
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diff changeset
1418
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diff changeset
1419 Results may vary across Python versions and builds, but the
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diff changeset
1420 function will produce a sorted list, except in the case of
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diff changeset
1421 explicitly unorderable objects.
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diff changeset
1422
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1423 """
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diff changeset
1424 class _Wrapper(object):
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diff changeset
1425 slots = ('obj',)
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1426
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diff changeset
1427 def __init__(self, obj):
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diff changeset
1428 self.obj = obj
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1429
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diff changeset
1430 def __lt__(self, other):
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diff changeset
1431 obj = key(self.obj) if key is not None else self.obj
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diff changeset
1432 other = key(other.obj) if key is not None else other.obj
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diff changeset
1433 try:
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parents:
diff changeset
1434 ret = obj < other
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diff changeset
1435 except TypeError:
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diff changeset
1436 ret = ((type(obj).__name__, id(type(obj)), obj)
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diff changeset
1437 < (type(other).__name__, id(type(other)), other))
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diff changeset
1438 return ret
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diff changeset
1439
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diff changeset
1440 if key is not None and not callable(key):
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diff changeset
1441 raise TypeError('expected function or callable object for key, not: %r'
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diff changeset
1442 % key)
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diff changeset
1443
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diff changeset
1444 return sorted(iterable, key=_Wrapper, reverse=reverse)
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diff changeset
1445
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diff changeset
1446 """
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diff changeset
1447 May actually be faster to do an isinstance check for a str path
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diff changeset
1448
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diff changeset
1449 $ python -m timeit -s "x = [1]" "x[0]"
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diff changeset
1450 10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0207 usec per loop
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diff changeset
1451 $ python -m timeit -s "x = [1]" "try: x[0] \nexcept: pass"
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diff changeset
1452 10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.029 usec per loop
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diff changeset
1453 $ python -m timeit -s "x = [1]" "try: x[1] \nexcept: pass"
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diff changeset
1454 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.315 usec per loop
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diff changeset
1455 # setting up try/except is fast, only around 0.01us
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diff changeset
1456 # actually triggering the exception takes almost 10x as long
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diff changeset
1457
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diff changeset
1458 $ python -m timeit -s "x = [1]" "isinstance(x, basestring)"
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diff changeset
1459 10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.141 usec per loop
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diff changeset
1460 $ python -m timeit -s "x = [1]" "isinstance(x, str)"
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diff changeset
1461 10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.131 usec per loop
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diff changeset
1462 $ python -m timeit -s "x = [1]" "try: x.split('.')\n except: pass"
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diff changeset
1463 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.443 usec per loop
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diff changeset
1464 $ python -m timeit -s "x = [1]" "try: x.split('.') \nexcept AttributeError: pass"
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diff changeset
1465 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.544 usec per loop
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diff changeset
1466 """